Posted on 3 September 20253 September 2025 by Joe

South African Scientists Uncover Rare Compounds in Cannabis Leaves

For too long, the conversation around cannabis in South Africa has been narrowly confined, often overshadowed by debates on recreational use or the well-known psychoactive components. Yet, beneath this limited perception lies a world of intricate chemistry, brimming with therapeutic potential that is only just beginning to be unveiled. Right here, on our own soil, groundbreaking research from Stellenbosch University is challenging these outdated narratives, positioning South Africa at the forefront of global cannabis science.

This pioneering study, published in the prestigious Journal of Chromatography A, goes beyond the familiar cannabinoids like THC and CBD. It delves deep into the often-overlooked parts of the cannabis plant – particularly its leaves and inflorescence – to uncover a treasure chest of complex, health-boosting compounds. The findings are nothing short of astonishing, as local scientists have not only extensively characterized previously understudied “phenolics” but have also provided the first-ever evidence of a rare and chemically intriguing class of compounds: flavoalkaloids, in Cannabis sativa L.

This monumental work, led by Magriet Muller and Professor André de Villiers from the Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science at Stellenbosch, utilized state-of-the-art analytical techniques to dissect the chemical makeup of three commercial cannabis strains cultivated in South Africa: ‘Cape Cookie’, ‘CBG’, and ‘Blue Sky’, sourced from Cannsun Medicinals. It’s a testament to the ingenuity and scientific rigour thriving in our nation, offering a glimpse into a future where cannabis is recognized for its full spectrum of medicinal and wellness applications.

The Groundbreaking Discovery: Flavoalkaloids Make Their Debut in Cannabis

The most electrifying revelation from this Stellenbosch study is the unequivocal evidence of flavoalkaloids in the Cannabis sativa L. plant for the first time in scientific history. For many, the term “flavoalkaloid” might sound unfamiliar, and for good reason: these compounds are relatively rare in the plant kingdom, making their discovery in a species as widely studied as cannabis a true scientific breakthrough.

So, what exactly are flavoalkaloids? Imagine a powerful fusion of two distinct classes of plant compounds, each with its own significant biological activities:

Flavonoids: These are well-known plant pigments and secondary metabolites found in fruits, vegetables, and many herbs. They are celebrated for their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
Alkaloids: These are nitrogen-containing organic compounds, often found in plants, that can have profound physiological effects. Many pharmaceutical drugs, such as caffeine and morphine, are alkaloids.

A flavoalkaloid, therefore, is a hybrid molecule where an alkaloid moiety is directly linked to a flavonoid backbone. This unique structural combination suggests the potential for novel and diverse biological activities, potentially offering a broader range of therapeutic effects than either component on its own. The Stellenbosch research tentatively identified 16 flavone derivatives belonging to four distinct classes of flavoalkaloids, primarily in the leaf extracts of the ‘Blue Sky’ cannabis strain. This specificity is crucial, indicating that the therapeutic profile of cannabis can vary significantly not only between strains but also across different parts of the plant.

Why is this discovery so profoundly significant?

Uncharted Chemical Territory: Finding an entirely new class of compounds in cannabis opens up an uncharted frontier in phytochemistry. It implies that despite extensive global research, we are only just scratching the surface of Cannabis sativa’s true chemical complexity.
Promise for Novel Therapies: In other plant species, flavoalkaloids have been shown to exhibit a wide array of bioactivities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects. The identification of these compounds in cannabis offers exciting prospects for developing entirely new therapeutic agents, potentially leading to cannabis-derived medicines with unique mechanisms of action. This moves beyond the current focus on cannabinoids and terpenes, expanding the plant’s medicinal potential exponentially.
Reimagining Plant Utilisation: The detection of flavoalkaloids predominantly in the leaves of a specific strain suggests that cannabis leaves, often considered by-products in some cultivation practices, may hold significant untapped value. This could lead to more sustainable and economically viable cultivation models, where the entire plant biomass is utilised for its full chemical potential, benefiting local farmers and industries in South Africa.
Understanding the “Entourage Effect” Further: This discovery adds another layer of complexity to the “entourage effect,” the hypothesis that various compounds in cannabis work synergistically to enhance therapeutic outcomes. The presence of flavoalkaloids suggests a richer interplay of compounds than previously understood, potentially leading to more effective, whole-plant-based remedies.

This unprecedented finding by the Stellenbosch team is a testament to the power of advanced analytical chemistry and underscores the vast, unexplored medicinal potential within Cannabis sativa L.

Diving Deeper: The Rich Tapestry of Cannabis Phenolics

Beyond the groundbreaking discovery of flavoalkaloids, the Stellenbosch study performed an extensive characterisation of other phenolic compounds in the cannabis plant. Phenolics are a diverse group of plant metabolites widely known for their crucial roles in plant defence and their beneficial effects on human health, primarily through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Their presence is a key component of the “entourage effect,” where these compounds interact with cannabinoids and terpenes to modulate and enhance therapeutic benefits.

The research identified a remarkable total of 79 phenolic compounds, with an impressive 25 of these being reported in Cannabis sativa L. for the very first time. This expanded inventory paints a much more detailed picture of cannabis’s non-cannabinoid chemical profile. These compounds can be broadly categorised as follows:

Flavones and Their Glycosides: The study detected key flavones such as luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol, and acacetin, many of which were present as O-glucuronide or O-diglycoside derivatives. These are common flavonoids, but their specific glycosylation patterns (attachment to sugar molecules) can influence their bioavailability and biological activity.
- Strain-Specific Variability: A particularly interesting finding was the significant difference in flavone profiles between the strains. ‘Blue Sky’ (Strain C) exhibited markedly higher levels of C-glycosylated flavones (e.g., orientin, vitexin, cytisoside) and their O-glycosylated derivatives, which were either absent or in much lower concentrations in ‘Cape Cookie’ (Strain A) and ‘CBG’ (Strain B). This underscores the importance of genotype in determining the unique chemical signature of each cannabis variety. Conversely, strains A and B showed higher levels of acacetin O-diglycosides.
Flavonols and Their Glycosides: The researchers also tentatively identified flavonols like quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, including a quercetin O-hexosyl O-glucuronide derivative. These compounds are potent antioxidants and contribute to the plant’s overall protective qualities.
Phenolic Amides and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives: The study found a range of these compounds, including N-trans-coumaroyltyramine and N-trans-feruloyltyramine, along with various derivatives of coumaric acid and caffeic acid. These compounds are known for their antioxidant properties and have been investigated for roles in anti-inflammatory processes.
Novel Phenolic Acid Sulfates: In another significant first, two isomeric caffeic acid sulfates were tentatively identified exclusively in the inflorescence of the ‘Blue Sky’ strain. This discovery of sulfur-containing phenolics in cannabis represents a new frontier for research into their potential bioactivities and functions within the plant.

The comprehensive nature of this phenolic characterisation highlights the extraordinary chemical diversity within Cannabis sativa L. It reinforces that different strains and even different parts of the same plant possess unique chemical profiles, suggesting that targeted cultivation and processing could yield specialized extracts for specific health conditions. The contour plots generated by the analytical method provided a rapid visual comparison of these complex profiles, making these subtle yet significant differences immediately apparent to researchers.

The Cutting-Edge Toolkit: Unravelling Complexity with Advanced Analytical Chemistry

The groundbreaking discoveries from Stellenbosch University were made possible by employing a highly sophisticated and optimised analytical methodology: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography hyphenated to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HILIC × RP-LC-HR-MS). This advanced technique is crucial for dissecting the immense chemical complexity of the cannabis plant, where hundreds of compounds, many structurally similar, coexist across a wide range of concentrations.

Here’s a detailed look at the methodology that enabled these profound insights:

Sample Preparation: Isolating the Targets
To specifically target polar phenolic compounds and avoid interference from well-known apolar compounds like cannabinoids and chlorophyll, a precise sample preparation strategy was crucial:

Freezing and Grinding: Plant samples (inflorescence and leaves) were snap-frozen with liquid nitrogen and finely ground using a mortar and pestle. This step preserves the integrity of the compounds and maximizes extraction efficiency.
Defatting with Hexane: The ground material was defatted three times with hexane through sonication and centrifugation. This process effectively removed non-polar cannabinoids, chlorophyll, and other lipids, ensuring that the subsequent analysis focused on the more polar phenolic compounds.
Extraction with Aqueous Acetone: After defatting, the polar phenolics were extracted using an aqueous acetone solution (30/70 v/v H2O/acetone), followed by sonication and centrifugation. The supernatant was then evaporated, freeze-dried, and re-dissolved in a dilute H2O/MeOH solution for analysis. This selective extraction method was designed to concentrate the target compounds and minimize interference.

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (LC × LC): The Ultimate Separator
Traditional one-dimensional (1D) liquid chromatography often struggles with complex plant extracts, as many compounds co-elute (come out of the column at the same time), making individual identification nearly impossible. 2D-LC overcomes this limitation by employing two different separation mechanisms in sequence:

First Dimension (¹D) – Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC):
- Mechanism: HILIC separates compounds based on their polarity. Polar compounds interact strongly with the stationary phase (Acquity BEH Amide column, 150 × 1.0 mm, 1.7 µm) and are retained longer, while less polar compounds elute faster.
- Purpose: This step effectively “spreads out” the highly polar phenolic compounds, providing an initial broad separation based on a property distinct from the second dimension.
- Dilution and Modulation: The effluent from the ¹D column was diluted with a weak reversed-phase solvent and then introduced into an interface with two 80 µL loops, acting as a modulator. This process collects small fractions from the ¹D separation and rapidly injects them onto the ²D column, preventing peak distortion.
Second Dimension (²D) – Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography (RP-LC):
- Mechanism: RP-LC separates compounds based on their hydrophobicity. Less polar compounds are retained longer on the stationary phase (Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column, 50 × 3.0 mm, 1.8 µm), while more polar compounds elute faster.
- Purpose: By applying a different separation mechanism, RP-LC can resolve compounds that may have co-eluted in the HILIC dimension.
- Fast Gradient: The ²D separation uses a very fast gradient (0.45 min) and a high flow rate (3 mL/min) to ensure rapid analysis of each ¹D fraction, maintaining high resolution.
Orthogonality and Peak Capacity: The combination of HILIC and RP-LC is highly “orthogonal” because these two modes separate compounds based on fundamentally different chemical properties. This means compounds that co-elute in one dimension are highly likely to be separated in the other, leading to vastly improved resolution. The Stellenbosch method achieved an “excellent separation performance” with a “practical peak capacity above 3000” and an average orthogonality of 75%. This level of separation is exponentially greater than what can be achieved with 1D methods, allowing for the detection of many more individual compounds.
Method Optimization: The team used an in-house developed predictive optimization algorithm (in Matlab R2019b) [31-33]. This software systematically explored a wide range of experimental conditions to find the optimal settings for analysis time, peak capacity, and resolution, further enhancing the method’s effectiveness.

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HR-MS) – Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF): Identifying the Unknowns
As compounds exit the ²D column, they are immediately directed to a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. This instrument is essential for identifying the separated compounds:

Accurate Mass Measurement: Q-TOF provides highly accurate mass measurements of both precursor (intact) ions and fragment ions. This precision allows researchers to determine the exact molecular formula of an unknown compound, which is a crucial first step in identification.
MSE Fragmentation: The instrument was operated in MSE mode, which collects both low (4 eV) and high (10-30 eV ramped) collision energy data simultaneously. Low-energy data shows the intact molecular ions, while high-energy data provides characteristic fragmentation patterns. These “fingerprints” are invaluable for elucidating the structure of compounds, even those never before seen.
Tentative Identification: By combining accurate mass data, fragmentation patterns, UV spectral data (from the DAD detector), and relative retention times in both dimensions, researchers could tentatively identify 79 compounds, including the novel flavoalkaloids and phenolic acid sulfates.

This sophisticated analytical pipeline allowed the Stellenbosch team to peer into the complex chemistry of cannabis with unprecedented clarity, leading to discoveries that would have been impossible with less advanced techniques.

The Road Ahead: An Exciting Journey of Discovery

The work by Magriet Muller and Professor André de Villiers is not merely an academic exercise; it is a powerful stride into the future of cannabis. It reminds us that even in plants we think we know well, nature often holds profound secrets waiting to be uncovered. As research continues to peel back the layers of Cannabis sativa’s intricate chemistry, the potential for new health solutions and economic opportunities grows exponentially.

For South Africa, this research is a beacon of hope and innovation. It champions local scientific excellence and offers a path toward a future where cannabis is understood and utilised for its full, multifaceted potential, contributing significantly to health, wellness, and a sustainable economy. The journey to fully understand cannabis and its immense potential has just become even more fascinating, and we eagerly await the next chapter of discoveries that will undoubtedly emerge from our vibrant scientific community.

You can read the full published paper here: “Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of Cannabis phenolics and first evidence of flavoalkaloids in Cannabis” by Magriet Muller and André de Villiers, 2 August 2025, Journal of Chromatography A.
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466023

Posted on 16 July 202516 July 2025 by Joe

Cannabis Tissue Culture: Unlocking Potential

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cannabis cultivation, growers are constantly seeking methods to optimise yield, quality, and consistency. While traditional cloning through cuttings remains a cornerstone, a sophisticated biotechnological approach known as tissue culture (micropropagation) is emerging as a game-changer. This method promises unprecedented control and is unlocking new frontiers for genetic improvement within Cannabis sativa.

This advanced technique moves beyond conventional cloning to address some of the most persistent challenges in cannabis production. Today, we will delve into what cannabis tissue culture is, its profound benefits, the unique hurdles it presents for Cannabis sativa, and the cutting-edge innovations that are shaping its future.

The Promise of Tissue Culture: A Leap Beyond Conventional Cloning

Cannabis tissue culture involves cultivating plants from very small pieces of plant tissue, called explants, in a sterile, nutrient-rich laboratory environment. This method offers several compelling advantages over traditional cloning:

Production of Disease-, Pest-, and Virus-Free Stock: One of the most critical benefits of tissue culture is its ability to establish and maintain clean plant programs. Traditional cloning risks transmitting pathogens, pests, and viruses from mother plants to subsequent generations. Tissue culture provides a sterile starting point, ensuring disease-free and vigorous plant material for every cultivation cycle. This is particularly vital in mitigating devastating diseases like bud rot, where even careful environmental controls might not eliminate lingering inoculum.
Rapid, Large-Scale Clonal Propagation: Once a successful tissue culture protocol is established, it allows for the exponential multiplication of genetically identical plants from a single parent. This scalability is essential for commercial operations aiming for uniform, high-quality harvests, leading to higher multiplication rates and more consistent production.
Genetic Preservation: Tissue culture enables the long-term storage of valuable cannabis genetics in a small, controlled space. This is a far more efficient method than maintaining large mother plant populations, protecting rare or desirable chemovars from loss due to disease, pests, or environmental calamities. Advanced techniques like cryopreservation, which store tissues at ultra-low temperatures, can preserve genetic material indefinitely while preventing genetic drift over time.
Foundation for Advanced Breeding: Tissue culture is the bedrock for modern plant breeding and genetic engineering. It provides a sterile and controlled environment to work with individual cells or small tissue samples, facilitating techniques like genome editing (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) and genetic transformation. This accelerates the development of new, improved cannabis varieties with enhanced traits, such as increased cannabinoid or terpene production or greater disease resilience.

The Art and Science of Micropropagation: A Multi-Stage Journey

Cannabis micropropagation typically involves a precise, multi-stage process, each step requiring careful control over environmental factors and nutrient media:

Stage 0: Selection and Maintenance of Parent Stock: The process begins with selecting healthy, vigorous mother plants that possess the desired traits. Maintaining the health of these initial stock plants is crucial, as any latent pathogens could compromise the sterility of the subsequent cultures.
Stage 1: Culture Initiation: Very small pieces of plant tissue, or explants, are carefully sterilised and placed onto a specialised nutrient medium. Commonly used explants include nodal segments, hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, or even floral tissues. This initial stage aims to induce growth and shoot proliferation in a completely aseptic environment.
Stage 2: Multiplication: This is where the exponential propagation occurs. The developing shoots are repeatedly divided and subcultured onto fresh nutrient media to encourage rapid multiplication. This stage is key to producing the large numbers of genetically identical clones needed for commercial-scale cultivation.
Stage 3: Shoot Elongation and Rooting: Once a sufficient quantity of shoots has been produced, they are transferred to different media formulations designed to promote shoot elongation and the development of a robust root system. This prepares the young plantlets for life outside the sterile laboratory environment.
Stage 4: Acclimatisation (Hardening Off): In this critical final stage, the young plantlets are gradually transitioned from the high-humidity, sterile conditions of the lab to a greenhouse or indoor grow room environment. This hardening-off process is essential to prepare them for less controlled conditions and independent growth.

Throughout these stages, the nutrient media is a paramount factor. Typically, a basal salt mixture (such as Murashige and Skoog (MS) or Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) media), is supplemented with Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) like auxins (e.g., Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)) and cytokinins (e.g., 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), meta-Topolin), carbohydrates (sucrose), and various vitamins. The precise balance of these components is vital, as it profoundly impacts the efficiency of shoot proliferation, rooting, and the overall health and development of the explants.

Cannabis’s Unique Hurdles: Why Tissue Culture Has Been Challenging

Despite its immense potential, the application of tissue culture to Cannabis sativa has historically faced significant challenges:

Historical Prohibition: Decades of legal restrictions severely limited scientific research into cannabis plant biology and tissue culture. Unlike other agricultural crops that benefited from extensive public and private research, cannabis remained largely understudied, leading to a substantial knowledge gap in optimised protocols.
“Recalcitrance” to Regeneration: Cannabis sativa has shown a notable recalcitrance to regeneration in tissue culture. This is particularly true of non-meristematic tissues (like mature leaves or cotyledons) that could offer a larger starting material pool. Many published protocols report low multiplication rates and difficulty in achieving sustained, vigorous growth across multiple subcultures.
Genotype and Tissue Specificity: A significant hurdle is that tissue culture protocols often do not translate well between different cannabis chemovars (strains) or even between different plant parts from the same genotype. For instance, a method optimised for a high-THC Mexican strain may not work efficiently for high-CBD lines. This highlights the critical need for extensive genotype-specific research and protocol development.
Strong Apical Dominance: Cannabis naturally exhibits strong apical dominance, where the main stem grows preferentially, suppressing side branching. This trait can lead to low shoot multiplication rates from nodal explants in tissue culture, as explants tend to produce a single shoot rather than multiple branches, limiting the efficiency of mass propagation.
Reproducibility Issues: Even within published scientific literature, successful tissue culture protocols for cannabis have sometimes proven difficult for independent research groups to replicate consistently. This variability further underscores the inherent biological complexities and the genotype-dependent nature of cannabis tissue culture.

The Cutting Edge: Innovations Shaping the Future

To overcome these enduring hurdles, researchers are actively pursuing and developing innovative approaches and technologies in cannabis tissue culture:

Floral Reversion: A promising alternative involves using immature floral tissues as explants. These tissues, which contain numerous meristematic regions, can be induced to “revert” from a flowering state back to a vegetative state when cultured under specific conditions. This approach has shown potential for significantly higher multiplication rates compared to traditional nodal explants.
De Novo Regeneration: While challenging, regenerating whole plants from non-meristematic somatic tissues (such as leaves or hypocotyls) offers a theoretically almost limitless source of starting material. Advances in optimising the precise balance of PGRs and media composition are gradually improving regeneration rates in this complex area.
Advanced Cryopreservation: For truly long-term genetic preservation, cryopreservation involves storing plant tissues at ultra-low temperatures, which effectively halts metabolic processes. This method ensures exceptional genetic stability and prevents the accumulation of mutations or decline that can occur even in long-term active cultures, offering superior genetic fidelity over time.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: To address the immense complexity and multi-variable nature of tissue culture protocols, AI and machine learning algorithms are being integrated. These computational approaches can analyse vast datasets to predict and optimise ideal culture conditions and media formulations, accelerating the development of robust and efficient protocols.
Nanoparticle Technologies: Research is exploring the use of nanoparticles to enhance tissue culture processes. These tiny carriers can improve nutrient delivery, boost PGR uptake efficiency, and even provide targeted antimicrobial protection within the sterile culture environment. This precision could significantly improve regeneration success rates.
Genetic Engineering: Beyond simple micropropagation, advanced techniques like gene editing (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) and genetic transformation are advancing rapidly. These tools allow for precise modifications to the cannabis genome, enabling the development of plants with enhanced disease resistance (e.g., to bud rot), altered cannabinoid profiles, or improved growth characteristics. Tissue culture provides the essential sterile platform for implementing and propagating these genetically modified plants efficiently.

A New Era of Precision Cultivation

Cannabis tissue culture is poised to profoundly revolutionise the way we grow and understand Cannabis sativa. While historical prohibitions and inherent biological challenges have shaped its development, the recent surge in scientific inquiry and technological innovation is rapidly transforming its potential.

By embracing this advanced approach, cultivators can achieve:

Unprecedented Health and Purity: Starting with certified disease-free material eliminates many common threats, leading to healthier, more vigorous, and reliable plants.
Scalable and Consistent Production: The ability to mass-produce genetically identical clones ensures uniformity in plant growth, cannabinoid, and terpene profiles, which is crucial for a standardised and quality-driven market.
Accelerated Genetic Improvement: Providing a sophisticated platform for advanced breeding, tissue culture significantly accelerates the development of new cannabis varieties tailored for specific purposes, from optimising extract yields to enhancing disease resistance.

The journey of cannabis tissue culture, from its early rudimentary attempts to its current cutting-edge applications, underscores a powerful shift towards a new era of precision cultivation. By leveraging these scientific advancements, growers can unlock the full, incredible potential of Cannabis sativa, ensuring a vibrant, sustainable, and high-quality future for the industry.

Posted on 2 July 20252 July 2025 by Joe

CBG, The Original Cannabinoid

We can all agree that most of the spotlight has traditionally shone on two major compounds: the psychoactive THC and the calming CBD. But as science and consumer curiosity evolve, we are beginning to appreciate the vast and complex family of over 100 cannabinoids found in the plant. Among these, one compound stands out for its foundational role and unique potential: Cannabigerol (CBG).

Often called the “stem cell of all cannabinoids,” CBG is a non-intoxicating compound that acts as the chemical precursor from which many other major cannabinoids are synthesised within the cannabis plant. While it’s typically found in smaller quantities in mature plants, its potential therapeutic benefits and unique interactions with our bodies are generating significant excitement.

This guide will provide a deep dive into what CBG is, how it works, its potential benefits as highlighted by recent research, and its unique place within the broader cannabinoid family.

What is CBG, and Why is it Called “The Stem Cell”?

CBG’s story begins with its acidic form, Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA). Within the growing cannabis plant, CBGA is the first major cannabinoid acid to form. It serves as a crucial building block. As the plant matures, natural enzymes synthesise other cannabinoid acids from CBGA, primarily:

Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), which becomes THC when heated.
Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), which becomes CBD when heated.
Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA), which becomes CBC when heated.

Because CBGA is the starting point for these major compounds, it is often referred to as the “mother” or “stem cell” cannabinoid. Any CBGA that is not converted into these other forms will, upon heating (decarboxylation), become CBG. This is why most finished cannabis flower contains high levels of THC or CBD but only trace amounts of CBG—most of it has already been transformed.

However, breeders are now developing CBG-dominant strains, and extractors are isolating it, allowing us to explore the unique properties of this foundational molecule on its own. And please, let me say this again. I support the isolation of compounds to study their effects. However, I don’t believe in medication through isolation. Full-spectrum medication is what I believe in.

How Does CBG Interact with Our Bodies? A Unique Mechanism

Like other cannabinoids, CBG interacts with our body’s Endocannabinoid System (ECS), the master regulatory network responsible for maintaining internal balance (homeostasis). But CBG’s method of interaction is distinctly different from that of THC or CBD.

THC primarily acts by directly binding to and activating the CB1 receptor, producing strong psychoactive effects.
CBD has a very low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors. As we’ve discussed, one of its key actions is inhibiting the FAAH enzyme, which increases levels of our body’s own anandamide.

CBG, on the other hand, exhibits a broader and more complex range of interactions:

It acts as a partial agonist for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, meaning it can bind to them but doesn’t produce the strong intoxicating effect of THC.
Crucially, research has shown CBG to be a potent alpha-2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist. These receptors are involved in regulating sympathetic nerve activity, which controls processes like heart rate and blood pressure. This unique action is not seen with other major cannabinoids and is a key area of research for potential cardiovascular applications.
It also interacts with serotonin receptors (as a 5-HT1A antagonist) and various TRP channels, which are involved in mediating pain, inflammation, and temperature sensation.

This multi-target mechanism means CBG has a unique and versatile potential to influence our physiology in ways that differ from its more famous counterparts. To learn more about CBG, click here to download a Study Review.

Exploring the Potential Benefits of CBG

While human clinical research on CBG is still in its early stages, preclinical studies (in vitro and in animal models) and initial human trials have highlighted several promising areas where CBG may offer therapeutic benefits.

1. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties

Much like CBD, CBG has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in laboratory settings. It has been shown to reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibit oxidative stress by neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS). This action is central to its potential in managing a variety of inflammatory conditions, from skin disorders to inflammatory bowel disease.

2. Potential in Pain Management and Stress Relief

CBG is gaining attention for its analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. A recent double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with healthy adults found that a 20 mg dose of CBG significantly reduced subjective feelings of anxiety and stress compared to a placebo. This human trial corroborates earlier survey data where individuals reported using CBG successfully for managing anxiety.

Furthermore, a pioneering study on horses with chronic osteoarthritis provided compelling evidence. Horses given an oil containing both CBG and CBD showed a significant reduction in pain scores and a decrease in inflammatory markers in their blood, without any adverse side effects. This not only supports CBG’s potential for pain modulation but also highlights its good safety profile in veterinary applications.

3. Neuroprotective Effects

Preclinical research suggests that CBG has neuroprotective qualities, meaning it may help protect nerve cells from damage. This has led to its investigation for neurodegenerative conditions, though this research is still very early.

4. Cardiovascular Health

Because of its unique action as an α2-AR agonist, CBG is being explored for its potential to lower blood pressure. While initial studies in mice have shown hypotensive effects, more research is needed to understand how chronic administration of CBG would affect cardiovascular parameters in humans, especially those with hypertension.

The Bigger Picture: CBG, CBDA, and the Power of the “Entourage”

The recent study on horses is particularly insightful because it didn’t just test one compound. It compared two different formulations: one with CBDA (the acidic precursor to CBD) and another with a combination of CBG and CBD. Both treatments were effective in reducing pain, but the study design underscores a key concept in cannabis science: the “entourage effect.“

Just as terpenes can modulate the effects of cannabinoids, different cannabinoids can work together synergistically. Combining CBG and CBD may offer a broader spectrum of action than either compound alone. For example, CBG’s unique receptor interactions combined with CBD’s well-documented anti-inflammatory properties could create a more comprehensive therapeutic effect.

This highlights the value of full-spectrum or broad-spectrum products, which retain a range of cannabinoids and terpenes, versus isolates, which contain only a single compound.

Your Guide to Exploring CBG

As CBG becomes more available in tinctures, edibles, and even flower, here’s how you can approach it mindfully:

Start with a Reputable Source: Ensure any CBG product you purchase is from a well-respected Rasta, Budtender shop or healer. Have a conversation with the person about the CBG, and ask about lab testing. Ask about sourcing and extraction. When you get an honest answer, you will be able to make an informed decision.
Understand the Dose: As the clinical trial showed, even a relatively low dose of 20 mg can produce noticeable effects on stress and anxiety. Always start low and go slow, especially if you are new to CBG, to gauge your individual response. Trust me on this. My first time smoking CBG flower, I was blown away by how much of a clear mental state it gave me, and it was a little uneasy. Ease yourself into it.
Consider the Goal: Are you looking for stress relief, pain modulation, or general wellness? Your intent can guide your choice between a CBG-isolate product or a broad-spectrum product containing CBG alongside other cannabinoids like CBD.
Manage Expectations: While the research is exciting, it’s still emerging. CBG is not a cure-all, and its effects can be subtle and vary from person to person.

CBG, the “stem cell cannabinoid,” is finally stepping into the spotlight, revealing itself as a compound with a unique and promising profile. As science continues to unravel the complex chemistry of cannabis, we are reminded that there is so much more to this plant than just THC and CBD. Exploring compounds like CBG opens a new chapter in our understanding of how cannabis can contribute to health and well-being.

Posted on 11 June 202511 June 2025 by Joe

Anandamide: Unlocking the “Bliss Molecule”

In the vast landscape of the human body’s biochemistry, few molecules have as intriguing a name as anandamide. Derived from the Sanskrit word “ananda,” meaning “internal bliss” or “joy,” this compound is a cornerstone of a critical regulatory network known as the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). While the ECS gained fame through its connection to cannabis, understanding anandamide itself is key to unlocking the science behind our body’s sense of balance, well-being, and how it responds to cannabinoids like THC and CBD.

This post will dive into what anandamide is, how it functions within your body, and its intricate relationship with cannabis, from the plant’s psychoactive effects to its therapeutic potential.

What is Anandamide?

Anandamide (AEA) is an endocannabinoid, meaning it’s a cannabinoid-like molecule produced inside your body. Discovered in the early 1990s, it was one of the first endogenous “keys” found that fit the “locks” of the cannabinoid receptors, which had just been identified as the primary targets of THC.

Anandamide was the proof. It was the body’s own, internally produced molecule that perfectly fit into the CB1 receptor lock. This confirmed that the cannabinoid receptors weren’t just for cannabis; they were part of a vast, pre-existing communication network essential for our health – The Endocannabinoid System.

So, when we say:

“Anandamide (AEA) was one of the first endogenous ‘keys’ found that fit the ‘locks’ of the cannabinoid receptors, which had just been identified as the primary targets of THC.”

We are saying this:

Scientists first found the “lock” (the CB1 receptor) by seeing where THC from cannabis was binding in the brain.

They correctly assumed our bodies must have a natural reason for these locks.

They then discovered Anandamide – the first internally-produced “key” that our body makes to regulate itself by unlocking these same receptors.

Unlike traditional neurotransmitters that are stored in vesicles and released when needed, anandamide is synthesised on demand. When your body senses a need to restore balance, whether in response to stress, pain, or inflammation, your cells produce and release anandamide. It has a short half-life and is quickly broken down by an enzyme called Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). This rapid synthesis and degradation allow for precise, localised control over various physiological processes.

The Role of Anandamide and the Endocannabinoid System

Anandamide and the broader ECS act as a master regulatory system, helping to maintain homeostasis (internal balance). Research has shown it plays a vital role in modulating a wide range of functions:

Mood and Anxiety: Studies have consistently linked higher anandamide levels with reduced anxiety. Research in both animal models and humans has shown that elevating anandamide levels, for instance through exercise or by inhibiting the FAAH enzyme, produces anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects. In fact, some individuals with naturally higher anandamide levels (due to a genetic variation in the FAAH enzyme) self-report lower anxiety.
Pain and Inflammation: The ECS is deeply involved in modulating pain signals and inflammatory responses. Anandamide can help regulate these processes, which is why cannabinoid-based therapies are being explored for pain management and inflammatory conditions.
Reward and Motivation: The ECS, including anandamide, plays a modulatory role in the brain’s reward circuitry. It can influence how we experience pleasure and motivation, a factor that is central to research on addiction and substance use disorders.
Sleep: As some of the provided research highlights, anandamide is also implicated in sleep regulation. Studies have shown that administration of anandamide can induce sleep and increase slow-wave (deep) sleep, possibly by influencing adenosine levels, another key sleep-promoting molecule.
Appetite and Metabolism: Anandamide is known to stimulate appetite, a well-known effect also associated with THC.

The Connection to Cannabis: How THC and CBD Interact with Anandamide

The cannabis plant produces phytocannabinoids (plant-based cannabinoids) that interact with our ECS, often by mimicking or influencing anandamide.

THC and Anandamide: THC, the main psychoactive component of cannabis, is a partial agonist of the CB1 receptor – the same receptor that anandamide activates. Essentially, THC fits into the same “lock” as anandamide, but it does so more powerfully and for a longer duration, as it’s not broken down as quickly. This strong activation of CB1 receptors, particularly in the brain, is what produces the euphoric “high” and other effects associated with cannabis, such as increased appetite and altered perception. Chronic, heavy cannabis use can lead to the brain downregulating its CB1 receptors to compensate for this constant stimulation. In turn, this can lead to lower anandamide levels in some individuals, a finding that is particularly relevant in studies of cannabis use disorder.
CBD and Anandamide: Unlike THC, CBD does not bind strongly to CB1 receptors and is non-intoxicating. Instead, one of its primary mechanisms of action is to inhibit the FAAH enzyme, the very enzyme that breaks down anandamide. By slowing down FAAH’s activity, CBD can lead to an increase in your body’s own anandamide levels. This is a crucial distinction: instead of directly activating the receptors like THC, CBD helps boost your natural “bliss molecule.”

This FAAH-inhibiting action is a key hypothesis behind many of CBD’s potential therapeutic benefits. For example, research has explored CBD’s role in treating psychiatric disorders. A recent clinical trial investigated this very mechanism in individuals with cannabis use disorder, looking at how CBD administration affects plasma anandamide levels. The study found that an 800 mg dose of CBD appeared to protect against reductions in anandamide levels that were observed in the placebo group during a cannabis cessation attempt. By potentially increasing anandamide signalling, CBD may help alleviate symptoms of anxiety, psychosis, and withdrawal, offering a promising avenue for treatment.

The Takeaway: A Molecule of Balance

Anandamide is more than just our body’s “bliss molecule”; it is a fundamental regulator of our physiological and psychological well-being. It represents the delicate balance our system constantly strives to maintain. The cannabis plant, through compounds like THC and CBD, offers us a way to directly interact with this system. THC acts as a powerful external key, while CBD works more subtly, by helping our own natural key, anandamide, stay in the lock a little longer.

Understanding the role of anandamide deepens our appreciation for both the complexity of our own biology and the profound ways in which cannabis can influence it. Whether you’re a medical user seeking relief or a recreational consumer exploring different experiences, recognising the interplay between anandamide, THC, and CBD can empower you to make more informed and mindful choices on your cannabis journey.

Posted on 4 June 20254 June 2025 by Joe

Is Your Cannabis Consumption Healthy?

In the vibrant, evolving world of cannabis, we often celebrate its incredible versatility – from diverse strains delivering unique experiences to a myriad of consumption methods. Yet, amidst this growth and excitement, there’s a simple, sometimes uncomfortable question that deserves our thoughtful attention: Is your cannabis consumption healthy?

For some, this question might feel intrusive or even offensive. Others might be too shy to answer, or perhaps hold an understandable pride in their self-control. Within our community, a common sentiment is that because cannabis, unlike many substances, cannot be fatally overdosed on, it’s inherently harmless, even in excess. But is that truly the case? Just because you can’t die from cannabis doesn’t necessarily mean limitless consumption is always beneficial for your well-being.

This isn’t a judgment, but an invitation for a candid conversation, coming from a place of genuine care and honesty towards our shared community. Cannabis is indeed an amazing plant, and there’s nothing inherently wrong with enjoying it as much as you desire. However, understanding the when and where of your consumption, and how it aligns with your overall health and goals, is profoundly important.

Beyond the “No Overdose” Myth: Defining Healthy Consumption

The fact that cannabis lacks the acute toxicity of many pharmaceuticals or illicit drugs is a significant advantage, often cited as a cornerstone of its safety profile. However, conflating “non-lethal” with “always healthy in any quantity” can create a false sense of security. Healthy consumption isn’t just about avoiding immediate physical harm; it’s about fostering holistic well-being – physical, mental, and social.

To approach this question with nuance, we need to consider several factors that influence how cannabis impacts us:

The Power of Potency: Modern Cannabis is Stronger

Gone are the days of predominantly low-THC flower. Today’s market offers incredibly potent products:

High-THC Flower: Strains can now boast THC levels of 20% or even higher, a significant jump from historical averages.
Concentrates: Products like BHO, rosin, and diamonds can concentrate THC levels to 70-95% or more. As we’ve explored previously, these extracts are a direct result of advanced processing methods designed to isolate and concentrate cannabinoids and terpenes.

While these high potencies offer profound effects for medical users or experienced recreational consumers, they also demand increased mindfulness. What might have been a moderate dose a decade ago could be a very strong dose today. Consuming such high concentrations frequently without considering individual tolerance can lead to:

Increased Psychoactive Effects: Potent THC can intensify experiences, potentially leading to anxiety or paranoia in sensitive individuals, as discussed in our “Choosing the Right Strain” guide.
Faster Tolerance Buildup: Regular consumption of high-potency products can lead to a quicker development of tolerance, meaning you need more to achieve the same effects. This can inadvertently increase consumption frequency and quantity.

The Method Matters: How You Consume

While we’ve discussed the nuances of different extract types (solvent vs. solventless, the benefits of purity), the method of consumption also plays a role in your health profile:

Inhalation (Smoking/Vaping): While smoking cannabis doesn’t carry the same carcinogen risk as tobacco, any form of combustion can introduce respiratory irritants. Vaporizing, on the other hand, is generally considered a cleaner inhalation method as it heats cannabis to produce vapor without burning plant material.
Edibles & Topicals: These methods bypass the respiratory system entirely. Edibles, which rely on the body’s digestive system, offer a different onset and duration, while topicals work locally with the skin’s endocannabinoid system without systemic psychoactivity. Choosing a method aligned with your health preferences is part of mindful consumption.

Your Unique Biology: It’s All About “You”

As we emphasized in “Choosing the Right Strain for Your Unique Experience,” the effects of cannabis are profoundly personal. Your individual endocannabinoid system, genetics, metabolism, and even your current psychological state (your “set”) influence how you react. This means:

Individual Responses Vary: What’s relaxing for one person might be energizing for another. What helps one person sleep might keep another awake. Healthy consumption requires self-awareness about your unique responses.
Tolerance and Dependence: While not all users develop dependence, consistent, high-frequency use can lead to physical and psychological dependence. Understanding this potential and regularly assessing your relationship with cannabis is crucial for maintaining control.

Cultivating a Healthy Relationship with Cannabis

This conversation isn’t about shaming or restricting personal choice. It’s about empowering our community with knowledge and encouraging a deeper, more mindful relationship with this remarkable plant. Healthy cannabis consumption is an active, ongoing process of self-awareness and informed decision-making.

Here are a few steps to cultivate a healthier relationship with your cannabis:

Consume with Intent: Before each session, ask yourself: Why am I doing this? What experience am I seeking?
Start Low, Go Slow: Especially with new, high-potency products. This allows you to gauge your individual response and find your optimal dose.
Listen to Your Body and Mind: Pay attention not just to the immediate “high,” but to how cannabis impacts your mood, energy levels, sleep, and overall daily functioning in the hours and days after consumption.
Regular Self-Assessment: Periodically reflect on your consumption habits. Is it enhancing your life? Is it becoming a routine that feels less like a choice and more like a necessity?
Diversify Your Experience: Explore different strains with varied cannabinoid and terpene profiles, and experiment with various consumption methods. This can help prevent tolerance buildup and allow you to find what genuinely supports your well-being.
Seek Professional Guidance: If you have concerns about your cannabis consumption, or are using cannabis for specific medicinal purposes, consulting with a healthcare professional is always a wise and responsible step.

Cannabis has incredible potential, and when approached with respect, knowledge, and self-awareness, it can enrich our lives. By engaging in this honest conversation, we strengthen our community and foster a culture of mindful, healthy cannabis consumption for everyone.

Posted on 7 May 20257 May 2025 by Joe

Cannabis Topicals: The Miracle Cream for Your Skin

You’ve likely heard about cannabis and its various uses, but perhaps you’re curious about a form that doesn’t involve inhaling or ingesting. Enter cannabis topicals – a growing category of products applied directly to the skin, like the body butter and oils you’ll find in our store. Far from a new trend, the use of cannabis on the skin has roots stretching back through history in various cultures, recognised for its potential in addressing a range of skin conditions and discomforts.

Today, modern science is catching up, actively researching and confirming what traditional practices have suggested for centuries: cannabis compounds hold promise for skin health. But how exactly do these creams and oils work, and what benefits might they offer?

The Skin’s Own System: The Endocannabinoid Connection

To understand how cannabis topicals work, we need to talk about a fascinating system within your body: the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). The ECS is a complex network involved in maintaining balance (homeostasis) across various physiological processes. Crucially, components of the ECS, including its receptors (primarily CB1 and CB2 receptors), are found throughout your skin.

These receptors are like tiny locks waiting for specific keys. Your body produces its own “keys,” called endocannabinoids, that bind to these receptors to help regulate functions like:

Cell growth and differentiation
Immune responses
Inflammation
Pain and sensation (like itching)
Oil (sebum) production in glands

Phytocannabinoids, like CBD and THC found in cannabis plants, are similar enough in structure to your body’s own endocannabinoids that they can also interact with this system in the skin. By applying cannabis topicals, you’re delivering these plant compounds directly to where ECS receptors are located, potentially influencing these key skin functions. Research suggests they can also interact with other non-ECS receptors present in skin, such as certain TRP and PPAR receptors, further contributing to their diverse effects. For more on the Endocannabinoid system, check out our previous blog work.

Targeting the Source: Benefits of Cannabis Topicals

Because of this intricate interaction with the skin’s ECS and other pathways, cannabis topicals are being explored for their potential in addressing a variety of common skin concerns:

Soothing Inflammation: One of the most researched areas is the anti-inflammatory potential of cannabinoids, particularly full-spectrum CBD. Studies suggest that cannabinoids can modulate the skin’s inflammatory response, potentially helping to calm conditions characterised by redness, swelling, and irritation, such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis.
Alleviating Itch (Pruritus): Itch is a common and often distressing symptom of many skin conditions. Research indicates that cannabinoids interact with nerve fibres in the skin and can influence the pathways that transmit itch signals. By modulating these responses, topicals may help reduce scratching and discomfort.
Balancing Oil Production: Overactive sebaceous glands can contribute to conditions like acne and seborrhea. Cannabinoids, specifically CBD and potentially others like CBG, have shown promise in regulating sebum production, helping to balance oily skin, and potentially reducing breakouts.
Localised Comfort: Cannabis topicals can provide localised relief for discomfort and tension in muscles and joints near the skin surface. While not acting like a systemic painkiller, they may offer targeted soothing when applied.
Supporting Skin Health: Emerging research is also exploring the potential of cannabinoids in areas like wound healing and even anti-ageing, suggesting roles in cell regeneration, collagen production, and antioxidant effects that protect the skin from environmental stressors.

From Topical to Transdermal: How Products Get Through the Skin Barrier

The skin is an amazing barrier, designed to protect us from the outside world. This presents a challenge for any compound applied topically – how does it reach the target areas and exert its effects?

Cannabis topicals work primarily in two ways, depending on their formulation:

Topical (Localised) Effect: Products like many creams, lotions, and balms are formulated to keep the active cannabis compounds mostly within the upper layers of the skin, particularly the epidermis and dermis. Here, they can interact with the dense network of ECS receptors and nerve endings to provide localised benefits for issues like inflammation, itch, and discomfort. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin, is the main barrier limiting deep penetration.
Transdermal (Systemic) Effect: Some advanced formulations, often requiring specific delivery systems like patches or certain nano-formulations (which scientists are actively researching), are designed to help cannabinoids pass through all the skin layers and into the bloodstream. This allows for systemic effects throughout the body, bypassing the digestive system and liver metabolism, which can impact bioavailability.

Most cannabis body butters and oils are formulated for a topical, localised effect. They are designed to be absorbed into the upper layers of the skin, interacting with the local ECS to provide soothing, calming, and balancing benefits right where you apply them. Achieving true transdermal delivery is more complex and typically involves specialised drug delivery methods beyond standard cosmetic or wellness products. The formulation, including the type of carrier oils and any permeability enhancers, plays a big role in how effectively the cannabinoids interact with and penetrate the skin barrier.

Explore the Potential for Yourself

The growing body of research highlights the exciting potential of cannabis topicals for skin health and comfort. While more large-scale clinical trials are needed to fully understand and confirm these effects, the scientific foundation of the ECS in skin, combined with promising preliminary studies, suggests that topical cannabinoids are a valuable area to explore for localised relief and skin wellness.

Our selection of premium body butter and oil is crafted to bring the benefits of the cannabis plant directly to your skin. Whether you’re seeking to soothe dryness, calm irritated areas, or simply enhance your skin’s overall well-being, topical cannabis could be a gentle and effective addition to your routine. The Body Butter has been formulated by a passionate saponification specialist to ensure we produce a velvet-smooth topical cream your skin will love.

As with any product, especially if you have a specific skin condition or are using other medications, it’s always wise to consult with a healthcare professional. But if you’re ready to explore the potential of topical cannabinoids for yourself, we’re here to help you understand your options and choose the right product for your needs.

Posted on 9 April 202517 April 2025 by Joe

Can You Overdose on Weed?

The Overdose Question: Addressing the Fear and Finding the Truth

Even though most have been coming around to cannabis, there are still so many that has a false understanding of what cannabis does for them. From ignorance to our lack in scientific knowledge on the plant’s healing potential. One of the most persistent and often anxiety-inducing questions revolves around the possibility of overdose. “Can you overdose on weed?” It’s a question that lingers in the minds of the newly curious and skeptics’ minds. The short, reassuring answer is: no, you cannot die from a cannabis overdose. However, the story doesn’t end there.

While fatal cannabis overdoses are scientifically impossible, the experience of consuming too much cannabis is very real. Terms like “greenout” or “greenies” are common in cannabis culture, describing the decidedly unpleasant, albeit non-life-threatening, effects of overconsumption. It’s crucial to separate the myth of fatal overdose from the reality of uncomfortable overindulgence. This blog post will delve into the science behind cannabis safety, explain why a fatal overdose is not possible, and shed light on the phenomenon of “greenies,” providing you with the knowledge to consume responsibly and confidently.

The Science Says: Why Fatal Cannabis Overdose is Physiologically Impossible

To understand why a fatal cannabis overdose is not possible, we need to delve into the science of how cannabis interacts with our bodies. The primary active compounds in cannabis, cannabinoids like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), exert their effects by interacting with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). This vast network of receptors and neurotransmitters plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including mood, pain, appetite, and sleep.

The key to cannabis safety lies in the distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the brain. Crucially, there are virtually no cannabinoid receptors in the brainstem, the region responsible for controlling vital functions like breathing and heart rate. This is in stark contrast to opioids and alcohol, which do heavily interact with receptors in the brainstem, directly impacting these life-sustaining functions and making fatal overdoses a real risk.

Because cannabinoids primarily interact with receptors outside of these critical brainstem areas, they lack the mechanism to shut down respiration or cause fatal organ failure. Numerous studies and decades of anecdotal evidence have consistently demonstrated the remarkably high safety profile of cannabis in this regard. While extremely high doses of cannabis can certainly lead to uncomfortable and unwanted side effects, they simply do not possess the physiological pathways to cause death in the way that opioids, alcohol, or many other substances can.

The Reality of “Greenouts” or “Greenies”: Understanding Overconsumption

While the specter of fatal overdose is a myth, the experience of consuming too much cannabis and experiencing a “Greenies” is a genuine phenomenon. “Greenout” or “greenie” are slang terms used within cannabis culture to describe the set of unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that can arise from overconsumption. It’s essentially the body’s way of signaling that it’s been overwhelmed by cannabinoids.

What Causes a Greenies? Several factors can contribute to this uncomfortable state:

Overstimulation of the Endocannabinoid System: Consuming excessive amounts of cannabis, particularly THC, can lead to an overstimulation of the ECS. This overstimulation can disrupt the delicate balance of the system, leading to a cascade of uncomfortable effects.
Blood Pressure Drop (Hypotension): Cannabis, especially THC, can cause blood vessels to dilate, leading to a temporary drop in blood pressure. This can manifest as dizziness, lightheadedness, and even fainting in some individuals.
Blood Sugar Fluctuations: Cannabis can affect blood sugar levels in some people. While this effect is complex and varies, fluctuations in blood sugar can contribute to feelings of weakness, dizziness, and nausea, common symptoms of a greenout.
Dehydration: Cannabis consumption can sometimes lead to mild dehydration, either directly or indirectly (e.g., forgetting to drink water while engrossed in an activity). Dehydration can exacerbate feelings of dizziness, headache, and fatigue, compounding the discomfort of a greenout.
Anxiety and Panic: In some individuals, particularly those prone to anxiety or with a lower tolerance to THC, overconsumption can trigger feelings of anxiety, paranoia, and even panic attacks. These psychological effects can be intensely unpleasant and contribute significantly to the overall “greenout” experience.

So obviously, if you have underlying issues like being diabetic, overconsumption of cannabis can cause you serious issues and you have to be mindful of this.

Recognizing the Signs: Symptoms of a Cannabis Greenout

Being able to recognize the symptoms of a greenout is crucial, both for yourself and for assisting others who might be experiencing one. Symptoms can vary in intensity and presentation from person to person, but common indicators include:

Nausea and Vomiting: Feeling queasy or actually throwing up is a common physical symptom.
Dizziness and Lightheadedness: Feeling unsteady, like the room is spinning, or on the verge of fainting.
Sweating and Chills: Experiencing sudden hot flashes or cold sweats, often accompanied by clammy skin.
Anxiety and Paranoia: Increased feelings of unease, worry, and suspicion, sometimes escalating to intense paranoia.
Confusion and Disorientation: Difficulty thinking clearly, feeling detached from reality, or losing track of time and surroundings.
Increased Heart Rate: A rapid or pounding heartbeat, often accompanied by palpitations.
Pale Face: A noticeable loss of color in the face, indicating changes in blood flow.
Loss of Coordination: Difficulty walking, stumbling, or feeling clumsy.
Muscle Weakness: Feeling physically weak or heavy, making movement difficult.

Although all of these are temporary, it is important to know yourself. If you don’t feel well, you should say something to the person closest to you. Being dizzy and trying to navigate yourself can end up causing you harm. Thankfully stoners often smoke with people in excess.

Riding Out the Green Wave: What to Do During a Greenie

If you or someone you know is experiencing a greenies, the most important thing is to remain calm and reassuring. Here are practical steps to take to manage the situation and help alleviate symptoms:

Stay Calm and Reassure: Panic can exacerbate symptoms. Remind yourself or the person experiencing the greenout that these effects are temporary and will pass. Reassurance is key to reducing anxiety.
Find a Safe and Comfortable Place: Move to a calm, quiet, and safe environment. Ideally, this would be a comfortable space where the person can lie down or sit comfortably. Dimming lights and reducing noise can be helpful. Couch is my preferred spot. As the bed can sometimes send you spinning.
Hydration is Key: Offer water or if need be something with sugar, this can vary of cause depending on if the person is diabetic and overall diet. I personally give things with sugar.
Snack Smart (If Possible): If nausea isn’t severe, a light, easily digestible snack like ice cream or fruits might help stabilize blood sugar levels. However, don’t force food if the person is feeling nauseous.
Deep Breathing and Relaxation: Encourage slow, deep breaths. Focusing on breathing can help calm the nervous system and reduce anxiety. Guided relaxation techniques or meditation apps can also be helpful if accessible.
Fresh Air (If Appropriate): If the environment is safe and comfortable, a bit of fresh air can sometimes be beneficial. However, avoid extreme temperatures or overwhelming sensory environments. I remembermy first ever greenie I had was in the outdoors, and I ended up just chilling right there in the park riding it out.
CBD Can Help (Maybe): While more research is needed, some anecdotal evidence suggests that CBD (cannabidiol) may help counteract some of the anxiety-inducing effects of THC. If CBD is available, it might be worth trying in moderate amounts, but it’s not a guaranteed remedy.

Monitor and Seek Help if Needed: While greenies are not life-threatening, it’s important to monitor the person and ensure their well-being. If symptoms are severe, prolonged, or if you are concerned, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice or contact emergency services. It’s always better to err on the side of caution.

Prevention is the Best Medicine: Consuming Cannabis Responsibly

The best way to avoid greenies is to not smoke weed at all. Thats a joke but its true. The next best thing would be to moderate your cannabis consuption. Taking a mindful and informed approach can significantly reduce the risk of overindulgence and ensure a more positive experience.

Start Low and Go Slow: Especially if you are new to cannabis or trying a new product, start with a very low dose and wait patiently to feel the effects before consuming more. Edibles, in particular, can have a delayed onset, so patience is crucial.
Know Your Limits and Tolerance: Understand your personal tolerance to cannabis. Tolerance can vary greatly between individuals and can also fluctuate based on factors like frequency of use, metabolism, and even current health status. Be mindful of your own limits and consume accordingly.
Pay Attention to Product Potency: Be aware of the potency of the cannabis products you are consuming, especially edibles and concentrates. Pay close attention to THC percentages and serving sizes. Start with low-potency options and gradually increase as needed.
Stay Hydrated and Eat Before/During: Consume cannabis when you are well-hydrated and have eaten something beforehand. An empty stomach can intensify the effects of cannabis, and dehydration can worsen potential side effects.
Choose Comfortable Environments: Consume cannabis in safe, comfortable, and familiar environments, especially when trying new products or consuming higher doses. Avoid unfamiliar or stressful settings that could contribute to anxiety.

Be Mindful of Mixing Substances: Be extremely cautious about mixing cannabis with alcohol or other substances, especially if you are new to cannabis or have a lower tolerance. Mixing substances can unpredictably amplify effects and increase the risk of unwanted side effects.

Cannabis Safety and Responsible Enjoyment

Let’s reiterate: you cannot die from a cannabis overdose. This is a scientifically established fact and a crucial piece of information to disseminate and understand. While the fear of fatal overdose is unfounded, the reality of uncomfortable overconsumption, or “greenouts,” is something to be aware of and avoid.

Cannabis, when consumed responsibly and with awareness, is a remarkably safe substance. By understanding the science, recognizing the signs of overconsumption, and practicing mindful consumption habits, you can confidently enjoy the potential benefits of cannabis while minimizing any potential risks. Knowledge is power, and in the world of cannabis, informed and responsible consumption is the key to a positive and enjoyable experience. Embrace the facts, dispel the myths, and consume with confidence and care.

Posted on 26 March 202528 March 2025 by Joe

The Science of the Munchies

For anyone who has ever consumed cannabis, the term “munchies” is likely familiar. It’s that undeniable urge to snack, an amplified craving for food that can turn even the most mundane meal into an unforgettable experience. But what is happening behind the scenes in our bodies and brains when cannabis triggers this sensation? Is it purely psychological, or is there a deeper biochemical process at play?

We explore the science behind the munchies—how cannabinoids interact with our hunger hormones, the brain’s reward pathways, and why cannabis has been both celebrated and studied for its appetite-stimulating effects.

The Endocannabinoid System and Hunger

At the core of cannabis-induced hunger lies the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network of receptors and neurotransmitters that help regulate various physiological processes, including appetite, metabolism, and mood. The ECS consists of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, which respond to both endocannabinoids (naturally produced by our bodies) and exogenous cannabinoids like THC from cannabis. You can read more on this in our other blogs here.

Research has shown that CB1 receptors are heavily concentrated in the hypothalamus, the part of the brain responsible for controlling hunger and energy balance. When THC binds to these receptors, it mimics the actions of natural endocannabinoids, leading to increased food-seeking behavior and a heightened enjoyment of eating.

Studies have also linked CB1 receptor activation to ghrelin, a hormone commonly known as the “hunger hormone.” When THC is introduced into the body, ghrelin levels rise, signaling the brain that it’s time to eat—even if the person has already had a meal. This explains why cannabis users often feel an insatiable desire to snack, even when they aren’t truly hungry.

The Brain’s Reward System: Why Food Tastes Better

Beyond simply making you feel hungry, cannabis also enhances the pleasure of eating. The mesolimbic dopamine system, often referred to as the brain’s “reward center,” plays a critical role in how we experience pleasure from food. When CB1 receptors are activated, they amplify the release of dopamine, making flavors, textures, and aromas more intense and enjoyable.

A study by Kirkham (2009) found that THC not only increases the desire to eat but also enhances the brain’s perception of food palatability. This means that the same meal consumed while sober may taste significantly better when under the influence of cannabis. This could explain why certain snacks—especially sweet, salty, or fatty foods—become overwhelmingly appealing after cannabis use.

The Role of Ghrelin, Leptin, and Insulin

While ghrelin increases hunger, leptin is the hormone responsible for signaling fullness. Interestingly, studies have shown that cannabis use inhibits leptin signaling, meaning the brain doesn’t receive its usual “stop eating” message. This further contributes to the extended food cravings associated with the munchies. Which also explains why some stoners can destroy a whole pizza alone…

Another fascinating effect of cannabis on metabolism is its interaction with insulin. Some research suggests that chronic cannabis users have a lower prevalence of obesity and diabetes despite their increased caloric intake. This could be due to the way cannabinoids influence insulin resistance and energy storage in adipose tissue, though more research is needed to fully understand this complex relationship.

Cannabis is truly fascinating.

Beyond Hunger: The Cultural Significance of Munchies

While the munchies are often discussed in scientific terms, they are also deeply embedded in cannabis culture. For decades, cannabis has been associated with social food experiences, from indulging in late-night snacks to culinary creativity inspired by heightened senses. Some users report that cannabis helps them appreciate food more mindfully, savoring flavors in ways they never had before. They might just be high if you ask me…

When it comes to munchies favorites, the list is as diverse as the cannabis community itself. Some prefer the salty-sweet contrast of popcorn and chocolate, while others opt for classic comfort foods like pizza, nachos, and ice cream. Then there’s the DIY munchies crew, those who get creative in the kitchen, experimenting with new flavor combinations they might never have considered while sober.

The munchies are also a highly social experience. Sharing snacks with friends, passing around a bag of chips, or making an impromptu food run at midnight creates a sense of community and joy. Whether it’s laughing over a ridiculous food craving or debating the best snacks to eat while high, the munchies are often a bonding moment that brings people together.

In the medical community, these appetite-stimulating properties have been harnessed to help patients suffering from cachexia, cancer-related anorexia, and HIV/AIDS-induced weight loss, making cannabis a valuable tool for improving quality of life in certain individuals. Some who just find it hard to stomach food will say that without smoking a little prior to eating it would be a grueling task.

What some Stoner’s Say about the Munchies

Athena Baucum – Have run directly into door frames three times in a minute

“Anything I can get my grubby little hands on. Main motive? Consume. I don’t care if it’s two boxes of cold Hungry Howies pizza or just a bag of spinach. It will be gone soon. I’ve filled up a gallon of water and drank the whole thing just because I needed to have something in my mouth. There are things I prefer more (greasy, salty, and savory) but I would eat my goddamn bed if I could get my mouth around it.”

Shane Zimmerman (Cannabis enthusiast for 20 years)

“CARBS, CARBS, CARBS.

First, to dispel some myths, not all cannabis stimulates your appetite, and some actually suppress it. We don’t always sit around and eat a whole bag of Doritos and a dozen doughnuts. (Full disclosure, I have eaten a whole bag of Doritos and a dozen doughnuts.)

I tend to use my high as a precursor for experimenting with food, because I love to cook. Being stoned is a perfect mindspace to let your creativity flow in the kitchen.

Some of my favorite “stoned meals” from the last couple months: Four-cheese & Steak Quesadilla Pizza”

Alexander Musarra – Soldier, Musician 11y

“Fruits are really good, because it helps with the dry mouth. Also, sometimes I get uncontrollable, animalistic munchies. When that happens, I often eat too much of too many different things and can feel a little sick. When I eat fruit that never happens. Drink a lot of water.”

Laura Breton – Over 10 years smoking cannabis

“From personal experience, you cannot stop the munchies. However, there are ways to eat in a way that you won’t feel bad about your choices, or make you gain unnecessary weight.

Snack Prep. Before starting to smoke, buy your snacks. The major Pothead Rookie Mistake is going to eat after smoking. We all know that when you feel the munchies, it’s like an uncontrollable hunger. Anything and everything sounds good. Hell, you can give me a bowl of straight mayo when I have the munchies, I might just eat it. So, before doing anything related to smoking, buy your snacks. Since you’ll be able to be more focused, you can make smarter decisions.

Choose juicy and tasty. The best snacks I’ve gotten for myself to eat while I had the munchies have been watermelon, strawberries, boba tea, cold juices, etc. The best snacks are the common sense snacks. You think a milkshake from McDonald’s is going to hit the spot until you decide to get a Jamba Juice fresh juice. Even when experiencing munchies, your mind and body will be happy to get some real good stuff in you.

Drink water, some more water, and even more water. Instead of buying that Big Gulp of soda from 7/11, get yourself a big bottle of water. When you’re done with your Munchies Food, the greatest thing you could do for your body and your cotton mouth is drink copious amounts of H20.

So that’s it. Those are the three simple, common-sense ways to not overeat when you have the munchies. Like the saying goes, ‘Keep It Simple, Stupid!’ “

Is the Munchies Effect a Blessing or a Curse?

For some, the munchies are a fun and harmless side effect of cannabis use. For others, especially those mindful of their diet or managing certain health conditions, they can be an unwanted challenge. Understanding the science behind this phenomenon allows users to make more informed choices—whether that means stocking up on healthy snacks before consuming cannabis, or simply embracing the experience as part of the broader cannabis culture, or even looking for more CBD-dominant cannabis is the answer.

Regardless of how you feel about the munchies, one thing is clear: cannabis has a profound influence on our appetite, taste perception, and food enjoyment, making it a fascinating subject for both science and society.

Activate Your Munch 😉

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Posted on 18 December 202422 January 2025 by Joe

Cannabinol and Sleep: A New Frontier in Cannabis-Based Therapeutics

Most cannabis users are aware that cannabis heals. It helps with pain, nausea and sleep. But do we ever wonder what exactly about the plant is causing these effects to be so effective? Because of the success in liberating the plant to date, the research and studies in the benefits that cannabis brings to our lives have only increased.

Cannabis has long been associated with relaxation and improved sleep quality, but scientific evidence on how specific cannabinoids influence sleep architecture is only now emerging. A recent study on cannabinol (CBN) and its active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-CBN (11-OH-CBN), sheds light on their distinct roles in promoting sleep. Unlike THC, which has psychoactive effects, CBN shows promise as a targeted sleep aid, offering a delayed but longer-lasting effect compared to conventional medications like zolpidem.

We will have a look at the key findings of the study, the broader relationship between cannabis and sleep, and the potential of cannabinoid-based therapeutics in addressing sleep disorders.

CBN and Sleep Architecture

What is CBN?

Cannabinol (CBN) is a naturally occurring, non-intoxicating cannabinoid derived from the degradation of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). As cannabis ages or is exposed to heat and oxygen, THC breaks down into CBN, resulting in a compound with unique therapeutic properties. Unlike THC, CBN interacts with the body’s cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors more mildly, offering subtle effects without causing a “high.”. CBN exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and appetite-stimulating properties, making it a promising target for therapeutic applications. While not as well-known as THC or CBD, CBN’s emerging role in sleep and wellness underscores its growing significance in cannabinoid research and medicine.

Understanding Sleep Architecture

Sleep architecture refers to the cyclical structure of sleep, comprising distinct stages that the brain transitions through during a typical sleep cycle. These stages are categorized into two primary types: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is further divided into three stages (N1, N2, and N3), each representing varying depths of sleep. N1 is the lightest stage, where one drifts between wakefulness and sleep. N2 is a deeper, more stable stage, accounting for the majority of total sleep time, and plays a key role in memory consolidation. N3, often called slow-wave or deep sleep, is crucial for physical recovery, immune function, and growth. REM sleep, in contrast, is marked by vivid dreaming and heightened brain activity, resembling an awake state. This stage is vital for cognitive functions like learning, memory, and emotional regulation.

A typical sleep cycle lasts around 90 minutes, with the brain cycling through the NREM and REM stages multiple times throughout the night. Early cycles feature more NREM, particularly deep sleep, while REM sleep becomes more prominent in later cycles. Balanced sleep architecture ensures restorative sleep, enabling the body and mind to recover and function optimally. Disruptions to this architecture—such as insufficient REM or deep sleep—can lead to issues like fatigue, impaired memory, and reduced emotional resilience.

The study in a nutshell

Influence on Sleep Architecture:

CBN and 11-OH-CBN significantly alter sleep patterns by increasing both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These biphasic effects initially suppress sleep before enhancing it over time, distinguishing CBN from other cannabinoids.

Mechanism of Action:

Both compounds interact with cannabinoid CB1 receptors, which are central to regulating sleep-wake cycles. 11-OH-CBN exhibits greater potency, suggesting its potential as a more effective sleep modulator due to its ability to be more bioavailable for the receptors.

Comparison to Traditional Sleep Aids:

Unlike zolpidem, which induces immediate sedation, CBN provides a delayed onset but longer-lasting sleep promotion. We also know that there are side effects that come with the traditional medication that has worse sleep effects in the long term for people. This difference may benefit individuals who struggle with maintaining sleep rather than initiating it. It can also help those who are dependent on the heavy sleeping aids come off them slowly by providing a more natural alternative.

Limitations and Considerations:

The biphasic effects of CBN refer to its dual-phase influence on sleep depending on the timing and dosage. Initially, CBN can suppress sleep onset or delay transitions into deeper sleep stages, which may seem counterintuitive for a sleep-promoting compound. However, as its effects progress, CBN enhances sleep architecture by increasing the duration and quality of both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This biphasic nature means that its immediate effects differ from its long-term impact, highlighting the importance of dosing and timing when considering CBN as a therapeutic agent.

Long-term use may lead to tolerance, necessitating further research into sustainable treatment protocols.

Cannabis and Sleep: A Complex Relationship

Cannabis’s influence on sleep has been known anecdotally for centuries. However, its effects depend on several factors, including the cannabinoid profile, dosage, and individual physiology. THC is known to reduce the time it takes to fall asleep but may impair REM sleep with prolonged use, potentially disrupting long-term sleep quality. Unlike THC, CBD’s anxiolytic properties can indirectly promote sleep by reducing anxiety and enhancing relaxation, particularly in individuals with stress-related insomnia.

CBN has emerged as a non-psychoactive alternative for addressing sleep disorders. Its unique interaction with CB1 receptors and prolonged effects on sleep architecture position it as a potential therapeutic solution.

The Potential of Cannabinoid-Based Therapeutics for Sleep Disorders

The findings on CBN and its metabolite align with growing interest in cannabinoid-based treatments for sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. Here’s why cannabinoid therapeutics hold promise:

Targeted Relief:

Different cannabinoids target specific pathways, allowing for personalized treatment approaches. For example, THC may be beneficial for acute sleep onset, while CBD and CBN may address anxiety or sleep maintenance, respectively. Due to sensitivity to THC, not everyone will benefit greatly from the compound. Using CBN correctly can provide better relief in cases where THC or full-spectrum treatments would be overwhelming.

Reduced Side Effects:

Traditional sleep aids like benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem) can lead to dependency, cognitive impairment, and daytime drowsiness. Cannabinoids offer a natural alternative with potentially fewer side effects when used responsibly. Of course Cannabis is one of many natural alternatives as a sleeping aid. It might not be the most effective one but it’s less harmful in the long term than something like zolpidem.

Broad Therapeutic Range:

Beyond sleep promotion, cannabinoids contribute to pain relief, anti-inflammation, and anxiety reduction, addressing the root causes of sleep disruption. Allowing for a more holistic healing approach. Many believe that medication in isolation is what has brought us here in the first place and ensuring that cannabis healing remains wholesome is important to many.

Future Innovations:

Advances in genetic research, as highlighted in previous blogs, may lead to strains or formulations optimised for specific sleep-related benefits, combining cannabinoids like CBN with terpenes known for sedative effects, such as myrcene and linalool. Great potential awaits as new discoveries allow us to produce better healing plants. I wonder, what are your thoughts on this blended approach of research and science with nature? Please comment below.

Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities

While the study on CBN and 11-OH-CBN marks an exciting step forward, challenges remain:

Dosing and Delivery: Establishing the right dosage to harness the biphasic effects without adverse reactions.

Tolerance and Dependence: Understanding the long-term impact of CBN-based treatments to avoid diminishing returns. As it is known that the more you use cannabis your body builds a natural tolerance to it.

Regulation and Access: Navigating the legal landscape to make cannabinoid-based sleep aids widely available and standardised.

However, the potential benefits are undeniable. With more research, cannabinoids like CBN could revolutionize the treatment of sleep disorders, offering natural, tailored solutions that address both symptoms and underlying causes.

The study on CBN and its metabolite underscores the untapped potential of cannabis in medicine as a whole. This study is now starting human trials. It will be many more years before all the data can be compiled but from this initial work, we can already be excited about the therapeutic benefits of CBN and other cannabinoids we are yet to understand.

Posted on 17 July 202425 August 2024 by Joe

CBD – Full Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum & Isolate

What is CBD?

CBD, which stands for cannabidiol, is one of over 100 naturally occurring compounds found in the cannabis plant. CBD is non-intoxicating, meaning it does not produce a “high” or the stoned effect associated with cannabis. CBD is largely known for its potential health benefits, and people have been using it for pain management, calmness, and combating inflammation.

What are Cannabinoids?

Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that can affect your brain and body in different ways. They’re produced naturally by your own body and also found in various plants like hemp.

Does that mean that other plants also contain cannabinoids? Yes, some other plants contain cannabinoid-like compounds which can also be beneficial. For instance, Cacao, which is the plant from which we make chocolate, contains anandamide, which is a cannabinoid that binds to your C1 receptors and makes you feel happy and relaxed.

Most CBD products that are regulated in our market are derived from hemp, which is a variety of cannabis plant that has very low levels of THC but is rich in cannabidiol (CBD). Some grow more full-spectrum CBD strains. However, due to legislative issues, these flowers are still deemed illegal and have made their market accessibility difficult. Hence why has the market developed the Broad spectrum approach, is it ideal? Is it Natural? Does all of that even matter?

These are Questions that must be asked along the way.

These cannabinoids interact with receptors in our body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex system found in all mammals. It plays an essential role in regulating our body’s physical and cognitive processes like:

Sleep
Immunity
Stress Regulation
Pain Tolerance
Appetite
Memory
Reproductive System

and more…

ECS is also crucial in maintaining our overall health and balance. When the ECS is in a state of imbalance, or our body doesn’t produce enough cannabinoids, we can use the help of CBD.

Cannabinoids found in cannabis mimic our body’s natural endocannabinoids and help to restore natural balance in our body, this state is called ‘homeostasis’. Both endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids (the ones found in plants) bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors, which are located throughout our bodies and support homeostasis. We have written a blog on this too. Please feel free to read or listen to it here.

What is Full-Spectrum CBD?

Refers to CBD-high cannabis that includes all the other natural cannabinoids and terpenes found in the plant. Generally, the THC levels are minimal, by law less than 0.2%. People have strong opinions over the % of THC content in the flower, with many saying that THC is necessary for bioavailability. Many studies also have corroborated the ‘bro-science’. Leading to a stronger push for better law-making. Nonetheless, because there is some THC in the ‘legal’ medicine, one can still say it will have an “entourage effect” even though you won’t be intoxicated by the THC, the medicine will have a more holistic benefit.

How is Full Spectrum CBD Oil made?

“There are many ways to skin a cat”…. Some use more sharper tools than others. Industry norms would include solvent extracts such as CO2, Butane or Alcohol. Non-solvent extracts would be Rosin pressed or Bubble hash. In the USA and Europe where cannabis is accessible as a medicine or recreation, Full Spectrum CBD is a normal selection on the shelves. From cured flowers to packaged in a disposable vape. The market has evolved to offer it to people who don’t want to get high but have maximum healing benefits. Inside the recreational spaces, one would normally find CBD products with more than 0.2% THC in them.

What Are The Benefits of Full-Spectrum CBD

A broader range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds may provide additional therapeutic benefits.
May be more effective and potent than the other types of CBD generally derived from Hemp.
Can provide a more ‘natural’ experience, as it closely resembles the original plant composition.

What is Broad-Spectrum CBD?

Broad-spectrum CBD is a middle ground between CBD isolate and full-spectrum CBD. It contains a wide range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other plant compounds, but with one key difference: zero THC. Generally speaking, this is a man-made process. Although, today one can find strains that can be considered broad spectrum – or just hemp then?

How is it made?

Broad-spectrum CBD is made through a similar extraction process as full-spectrum CBD. After the initial extraction, an additional step is taken to remove the THC content, usually through a process called chromatography or selective distillation. The result is a THC-free product that retains many of the beneficial compounds found in full-spectrum CBD. Broad-spectrum CBD has no detectable levels of THC. This makes it ideal for those who want to experience the benefits of the entourage effect without any exposure to THC, either due to personal preferences, legal restrictions, or employment-related drug testing concerns. Some people are also just very sensitive to THC and Broad Spectrum eliminates the possibility of any intoxication of THC. Remember that we are all different and our body chemistries are not the same.

Broad-spectrum CBD arose as a means to an end in the market. Farmers were stuck with full-spectrum CBD material but THC levels were too high or still present so they could not move any medicine into the market. So they decided to remove the THC. Even though our market is warming up to better trading each year it becomes easier to get your hands on things. Broad-spectrum CBD won’t lose its relevance since there are people that prefer it.

It’s better for animals like dogs that cannot process THC safely…

Benefits of Broad-Spectrum CBD

A wide array of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other plant compounds that may provide additional wellness advantages
Suitable for individuals who want to avoid THC entirely, while still benefiting from the cannabis plant’s diverse components
May be particularly effective for conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, and inflammation, due to the synergistic action of the various plant compounds without THC

What is CBD Isolate?

CBD isolate is the purest form of CBD you can get, it contains only the CBD with no additional cannabinoids, terpenes, or other plant compounds.It does not have any THC content, and is not detectable in drug tests. CBD isolate is a crystalline solid or powder comprising pure CBD and nothing else.

How is CBD Isolate Oil made?

Once again there are many ways to skin the cat. We once wrote an article on THC-A diamonds, to get CBD isolate, the same process can also be used. Others use CO2 and fractional distillation to separate various cannabinoids and terpenes and isolate the CBD compound. I have seen someone make CBD isolate with 5 5-ton rosin pressing machines. Regardless, it takes much effort and time to produce. Making it naturally more expensive. The question in this regard would be, why would it be better if it were less natural? Considering that cannabis is a natural healing plant.

Benefits of CBD Isolate

CBD isolate offers many of the benefits of CBD, but does not benefit from the ‘entourage effect’. Some of the reported benefits include:

Better sleep
Elevates overall health and wellness
Improves mood and mental support
Supports quicker recovery after intense exercise
Does not make you feel “high” or show up in drug tests

Because it is isolated it can be used for a more accurate dosing and hence also target more specific healing. People who lean towards 100% natural processes would not be inclined to try isolated forms of anything, one would assume. It is important to understand the products you use and their origin. We have become very trusting as humans and sometimes we don’t ask critical questions concerning critical matters like our Health.

What should you buy?

Whether it is full-spectrum broad-spectrum or CBD isolate, doing more research will help you determine what is best for you. Most THC users will never even look at a CBD product. FOr those that do, Know your product. This is the best advice I can give. It is not as developed as the THC market nor is there a real understanding for the product. Even though there is less legality around it.

CBD and all its benefits also have flaws in its niche, from fake isolate products to ineffective products with high marketing schemes. Be mindful and consider asking more questions before buying anything CBD. if the person cannot have an open and honest conversation then I wouldn’t bother.