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What are Auxins?

Auxins
No Audio This Week.

In the intricate world of cannabis cultivation, where every factor from genetics to environment plays a pivotal role, understanding plant hormones is akin to mastering the plant’s secret language. Last week, we delved into the mysteries of Florigen, the elusive hormone responsible for triggering the flowering cascade. This week, our spotlight turns to another foundational class of plant growth regulators: auxins. These remarkable compounds are primary architects of plant development, stimulating growth in myriad ways and offering discerning growers powerful tools to sculpt their cannabis plants for optimal health and bountiful yields. By comprehending the mechanics of auxins, cultivators can fine-tune their strategies, leading to more robust plants, enhanced rooting, and precisely controlled plant architecture, especially in the nuanced environment of a cannabis garden.

What are Auxins? The Master Regulators of Plant Growth

Auxins are fascinating endogenous molecules, naturally occurring within plants at incredibly low concentrations, yet acting as potent signalling compounds that orchestrate a wide spectrum of plant development and physiological processes. They are not nutritional elements, but rather sophisticated messengers, dictating how a plant grows, forms, and responds to its environment. The most prominent natural auxin is Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a compound primarily synthesised in rapidly dividing tissues such as the apical meristems of shoots, young leaves, and developing This production at the growing tips ensures a continuous supply to drive various growth initiatives. Beyond these aerial production sites, IAA is also found in the root tips, highlighting its pervasive influence throughout the plant’s structure.

While IAA is the plant’s native powerhouse, its chemical instability when extracted makes it less practical for commercial application. This is where synthetic auxins come into play, offering stable and effective alternatives. Among the most commonly utilised synthetic auxins are 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).] These synthetic counterparts mimic the biological effects of natural auxins and are frequently found as active ingredients in commercial rooting compounds due to their enhanced stability and longer-lasting effects. The subtle chemical differences between natural IAA and synthetic NAA, particularly in their steric properties—the larger naphthalene ring of NAA versus the indole system of IAA—can influence how they interact with plant cell membranes. Natural IAA, with its more compact structure, tends to penetrate lipid monolayers more readily than NAA. Despite these structural variations, both natural and synthetic auxins fundamentally promote plant growth through their influence on cell elongation and division, making them indispensable regulators in plant biology.

auxins

The Diverse Roles of Auxins in Cannabis Development

Auxins exert a profound influence on virtually every aspect of cannabis development, from the hidden networks beneath the soil to the towering stems reaching for light. One of their most well-known functions is the maintenance of apical dominance, a phenomenon where the main central stem grows more vigorously, suppressing the growth of lateral buds. This occurs because auxins, particularly IAA, are produced at the growth tips of the main shoot and are transported downwards. The highest concentrations of auxin near the apex inhibit the development of side branches, channelling the plant’s energy into vertical growth, often resulting in a single, dominant main cola. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for growers employing pruning techniques aimed at creating bushier plants.

Conversely, auxins are equally critical below ground, playing a central role in root development. They are the primary drivers for initiating adventitious and lateral roots, which are essential for forming a robust root system. A strong, expansive root network is fundamental for efficient nutrient and water uptake, anchoring the plant, and enhancing its overall resilience. Auxins also guide the direction of root growth, ensuring they delve deeper into the substrate to access vital resources and contribute to the healing and repair of damaged root tissues.

The interplay between auxins and other plant hormones, particularly cytokinins, forms a complex regulatory system. While auxins generally promote root growth and suppress shoot development, cytokinins, produced primarily in the roots, tend to favour shoot growth and inhibit root formation. This intricate, often antagonistic, relationship means that the ratio of auxins to cytokinins within different plant tissues dictates specific developmental pathways, such as meristem activity and shoot branching patterns. This delicate balance is vital; for instance, auxin stimulates the development of lateral roots while cytokinins can inhibit it, showcasing their opposing yet complementary roles in shaping the plant’s architecture.

Beyond structural development, auxins also impact fundamental physiological processes like photosynthesis and transpiration. Studies have indicated that auxins can influence the intensity of these processes, potentially leading to increased carbon dioxide assimilation and higher chlorophyll content in plant leaves. This enhancement can be attributed to auxins stimulating the activity of photosynthetic enzymes, thereby contributing to the plant’s overall metabolic efficiency and energy production. By affecting such a broad spectrum of functions, auxins truly stand as master regulators, influencing everything from the plant’s outward form to its internal metabolic machinery.

Auxins

Harnessing Auxins for Optimal Cannabis Cultivation: Practical Applications for Growers

For cannabis cultivators, understanding auxins translates directly into actionable strategies for improving plant health, managing growth, and ultimately boosting yields. One of the most common and impactful applications of auxins is in propagation, specifically for cloning. When taking cuttings, the application of auxin-rich rooting hormones, typically containing synthetic auxins like IBA or NAA, is crucial. These hormones are absorbed by the cut stem, stimulating the formation of adventitious roots, which are new roots developing from non-root tissues. This process significantly increases the success rate of rooting, allowing growers to rapidly multiply desirable genotypes and establish new plants with robust root systems.

Auxins also offer powerful tools for controlling plant architecture and height. While auxins naturally promote vertical growth by maintaining apical dominance, growers can manipulate this effect. The traditional method of “pinching off” or “topping” the main shoot apex directly removes the primary source of auxin. This disruption releases the lateral buds from inhibition, allowing them to develop into new branches, leading to a bushier, more compact plant with multiple colas rather than a single dominant one. This technique is especially beneficial for maximising light penetration and airflow within the canopy, thereby improving overall yield potential.

Research on the exogenous application of synthetic auxins presents a more nuanced picture, highlighting the importance of context and genotype. In one study involving industrial hemp (Bialobrzeskie variety), spraying with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) surprisingly resulted in an increase in lateral branching, contrary to the expected suppression of side shoots. Researchers speculated this might be due to a decreased sensitivity of hemp buds to auxin’s inhibitory effect or a stimulatory effect on the elongation of already formed shoots. However, another study on phytocannabinoid-rich (PCR) Cannabis sativa genotypes (KANADA, FED, and 0.2x-genetic) that had been decapitated showed a different outcome. Here, NAA application significantly reduced total plant height (by 28%) and the length of axillary side-branches (by 58%), creating a more compact growth habit. For the KANADA genotype, this led to a beneficial plant architecture with an inflorescence yield similar to untreated controls, proving advantageous for space-limited indoor cultivation. These contrasting results underscore that the plant’s physiological state (intact versus decapitated) and its specific genotype dramatically influence its response to exogenous auxin application, demanding a tailored approach from growers.

Beyond shaping plant structure, auxins can also contribute to overall yield enhancement by optimising physiological activities. By fostering robust root systems for better nutrient uptake and potentially improving photosynthetic efficiency, auxins lay a strong foundation for vigorous growth and ultimately, a more substantial harvest. Interestingly, studies have shown that while auxins significantly impact plant morphology and yield parameters, their application does not appear to negatively affect cannabinoid content (such as CBD) in the inflorescence or leaves. This is a crucial finding for medicinal cannabis cultivators, suggesting that architectural modifications can be achieved without compromising the desired phytochemical profile.

Auxins

Navigating Auxin Application: Considerations and Nuances

While auxins offer powerful advantages, their effective utilisation in cannabis cultivation demands a nuanced understanding of their behaviour. One of the most critical aspects is concentration dependence. The relationship between auxin concentration and plant growth is not linear but often follows a bell-shaped curve. Low concentrations typically stimulate growth, but exceeding an optimal threshold can lead to inhibitory effects, especially in roots, which are more sensitive to high auxin levels than shoots. Excessively high auxin concentrations can even trigger the production of ethylene, a hormone known to induce premature flowering or senescence, leading to undesirable outcomes. Therefore, precise dosing is paramount to harness their benefits without causing harm.

Another significant factor is genotype specificity. As observed in various studies, different Cannabis sativa genotypes can exhibit distinct responses to identical auxin treatments. The contrasting lateral branching responses to NAA in the MendelNet and Plants 2020 papers serve as a prime example, illustrating that what works optimally for one strain might not for another. This necessitates a trial-and-error approach or careful observation when introducing exogenous auxins to a new cannabis variety. The method and timing of application are equally important; whether auxins are applied as a rooting gel to cuttings or as a foliar spray to growing plants, and at which specific stage of development, will significantly impact the results.

Emerging research into auxin antagonists is opening new frontiers, particularly for in vitro propagation. A novel molecule, α-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-1H-indole-3-acetic acid, or PEO-IAA, acts as a strong anti-auxin. This antagonist disrupts apical dominance, making it a promising tool for increasing shoot multiplication rates in in vitro cannabis cultures. Crucially, recent investigations revealed that the presence of PEO-IAA in culture media did not lead to statistically significant negative changes in cannabinoid gene expression or concentration in certain Cannabis sativa cultivars like ‘USO-31’ and ‘Tatanka Pure CBD’. In fact, ‘Tatanka Pure CBD’ showed a statistically significant increase in CBDA concentration in the presence of PEO-IAA. This discovery holds immense potential for the standardised, large-scale production of medicinal cannabis by improving in vitro multiplication efficiency without compromising the plant’s valuable chemical profile.

Auxins

In conclusion, auxins are indispensable plant hormones that intricately shape the growth and development of Cannabis sativa. From promoting robust root systems crucial for nutrient uptake to influencing stem elongation and branching patterns, their effects are pervasive and profound. Growers who grasp the fundamental roles of auxins and judiciously apply this knowledge can unlock new levels of control over their cultivation. Whether it’s optimising rooting for clones, strategically pruning to manage plant architecture, or leveraging cutting-edge research into auxin antagonists for in vitro propagation, informed auxin management can lead to healthier plants, improved yields, and more consistent harvests. As always, embracing a genotype-specific approach and paying close attention to application rates and timing will be key to successfully integrating these powerful plant growth regulators into your cannabis cultivation regimen. The ongoing exploration of these complex hormonal pathways promises even more refined techniques for the future of cannabis growing.

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The Celestial Gardener: Unpacking the Spring Equinox 

spring equinox

Across the diverse landscapes of South Africa, the air hums with the promise of renewal. The vibrant fynbos begins to burst forth, the jacarandas prepare their purple symphony, and a sense of optimism permeates our natural world. We’re on the cusp of a truly significant astronomical event – the Spring Equinox, which is now just a week away. This celestial marker, signifying the astronomical start of spring in the Southern Hemisphere, is a moment of profound importance for many, particularly for those who practice traditional, celestial gardening methods.

Last week, we mused about the captivating spectacle of the lunar eclipse and the moon’s enduring, if subtle, influence on earthly rhythms. That very connection to cosmic phenomena extends deeply into the realm of agriculture, and for many South African cannabis growers, the Spring Equinox is a pivotal point in their cultivation calendar. It’s a time when the balance shifts, and the lengthening days signal a fresh start for the growing season.

For generations, farmers have looked to the skies, believing that aligning their planting schedules with these cosmic shifts yields healthier plants and more abundant harvests. This wisdom is particularly cherished within communities practising biodynamic agriculture, a holistic approach that views the farm as an interconnected organism influenced by celestial energies. In the world of cannabis cultivation, this traditional foresight often guides the timing of a crop’s inception.

Indeed, if growers initiated their cannabis crops prematurely, perhaps at the very beginning of meteorological spring (which kicks off on September 1st), before the equinox has truly ushered in the consistent lengthening of daylight hours, they might face the challenges of a decreased harvest later in the season. These early-bird plants, planted ahead of the optimal natural light cues, can become confused, potentially impacting their transition from vegetative growth to the crucial flowering phase. For those who started early, a strategy involving supplementary lighting could be a game-changer, helping plants acclimate to the impending longer sun periods and ensuring they don’t remain stuck in a perpetual vegetative cycle.

However, it’s vital not to discourage anyone; the beauty of the growing season, particularly here in South Africa, is its flexibility. It’s truly never too late to begin your cannabis cultivation journey in the early stages of spring, with mid-October also presenting itself as a perfectly opportune time for planting. This nuanced approach, blending age-old traditions with modern scientific insights and practical adaptability, defines the art of successful cannabis cultivation.

In our previous discussions, we’ve delved into the scientifically validated benefits of cannabis and hemp seeds – from their rich protein content and heart-healthy omega fatty acids to the groundbreaking discovery of rare flavoalkaloids in cannabis leaves by Stellenbosch University. These findings underscore the profound chemical complexity of the plant itself. Now, let’s combine this intricate understanding of the plant’s internal chemistry with the grand cosmic dance of the equinox, offering South African growers a comprehensive guide to celestial gardening for cannabis.

spring equinox

The Spring Equinox in South Africa: A Symphony of Renewal

For us in the Southern Hemisphere, the Spring Equinox, often referred to as the Vernal Equinox, marks a significant turning point in the solar year. While meteorological spring officially begins on September 1st, astronomical spring – the true celestial trigger – commences precisely at the equinox. This moment of transition occurs when the sun crosses the celestial equator, resulting in an almost equal duration of daylight and nighttime across the globe. From this point forward, the days steadily lengthen, bringing more light and warmth to our beautiful country.

This period of the equinox is not just an astronomical phenomenon; it’s a palpable experience of nature’s awakening. Across South Africa, we witness the landscape transform:

  • Flora Bursting to Life: The vibrant flora begins its most vigorous growth cycle, with dormant seeds stirring and buds unfurling. The iconic fynbos, for instance, thrives in this period of increased light and mild temperatures.
  • Fauna Awakening: Insects, birds, and animals become more active, with butterflies – those delicate indicators of healthy ecosystems – making their graceful appearance. Their presence is a welcome sign, signifying a thriving environment ready for pollination.
  • Climatic Shift: While late winter chills might still linger in some parts, the equinox signals a definitive march towards warmer, sunnier days, ideal for robust plant development.

For cannabis cultivators, this translates into a crucial time for soil preparation. Ideally, by this week leading up to the equinox, your soil should be meticulously prepped – enriched, aerated, and ready to receive new life. The consistent warmth and increasing daylight hours that follow the equinox provide the perfect conditions for seeds to germinate, seedlings to flourish, and young plants to establish strong root systems before the intense summer heat sets in. This synchronicity with nature’s grand rhythm is what truly defines celestial gardening.

Traditional Wisdom: Why the Equinox Holds Sway for Celestial Growers

The practice of celestial gardening, where farmers meticulously align their activities with lunar and solar cycles, is deeply ingrained in agricultural traditions worldwide. For many, the Spring Equinox is far more than just a date on the calendar; it represents a powerful energetic shift that directly influences plant vitality and growth.

Here’s why traditional growers, particularly those following biodynamic principles, often await the equinox with such keen anticipation:

  • Balance and Cosmic Energy: The equinox, by definition, is a point of perfect balance between light and dark. Traditional beliefs suggest that this equilibrium creates a harmonious energy field, optimal for initiating new growth. The sun’s direct alignment with the equator is thought to signal a profound shift in cosmic forces, preparing the earth for a surge of life.
  • Sap Flow Beliefs: Building on the principles of lunar planting we explored last week, the consistent lengthening of days after the equinox is believed to stimulate a strong, upward surge in plant sap. This “rising tide” within plants is thought to enhance nutrient transport to the leaves and developing shoots, fostering vigorous above-ground growth. Planting during this period is believed to harness this natural upward flow, supporting strong, healthy plant development.
  • Optimal Plant Vitality: The overall increase in light quantity and quality after the equinox is considered crucial for stimulating photosynthesis and plant metabolism. Biodynamic farmers believe that planting at this precise time taps into these optimal conditions, leading to plants with greater resilience, improved yields, and enhanced quality – a holistic outcome that encompasses the plant’s overall vitality.
  • Avoiding “Confused” Growth: For many traditional growers, planting too early, especially before the consistent lengthening of daylight hours associated with the astronomical spring, can “confuse” the plant. This confusion, particularly for photoperiod-sensitive cannabis strains, can lead to suboptimal growth cycles, which we will discuss next.

This meticulous approach, passed down through generations, underscores a profound respect for nature’s rhythms, seeking to co-create with the environment rather than simply extract from it.

spring equinox

The Cannabis Conundrum: Timing is Everything (But Not Always)

For photoperiod-sensitive cannabis strains – which rely on specific durations of light and dark to trigger flowering – timing is paramount. This brings us to a crucial point for South African growers: if cannabis plants were initiated prior to the Spring Equinox (perhaps at the very beginning of meteorological spring in early September), there is indeed a higher chance of a decreased harvest or suboptimal plant development.

Here’s the science behind this traditional observation:

  • Photoperiod Sensitivity: Cannabis plants typically require consistently long periods of darkness to initiate and maintain flowering. During late winter and early spring, while days begin to lengthen, the photoperiod (duration of light) may still be too short, or inconsistent, to properly signal the plant’s natural transition from vegetative growth to flowering.
  • Confusion and Early Flowering: If a photoperiod cannabis plant is started too early, it might experience days that are still too short. This can trigger it to flower prematurely, before it has had sufficient time to develop a robust vegetative structure. Early flowering often results in smaller plants with significantly reduced yields – a “decreased harvest.”
  • Stuck in Veg: Conversely, if the plant receives inconsistent light periods, it might remain in a confused vegetative state, failing to transition effectively into the flowering phase even as natural daylight increases. This leads to inefficient growth and a delay in the crop cycle.
  • Yield Reduction: Plants that flower too early or remain in a stunted vegetative state simply do not have the biomass to produce a substantial yield. This can be particularly frustrating for growers who put significant effort into early starts, only to find their plants underperforming.

The astronomical Spring Equinox, by consistently lengthening the daylight hours, provides a more reliable natural cue for photoperiod strains to initiate and maintain healthy vegetative growth, preparing them for a robust flowering phase later in the season when darkness consistently increases again. This makes the equinox a traditional, natural benchmark for ensuring optimal plant development.

Navigating Early Starts: Supplementary Light as a Strategic Solution

For those South African growers who, with eager anticipation, may have started their cannabis plants prior to the Spring Equinox, there’s no need for discouragement. Modern cultivation techniques offer strategic solutions to overcome the potential challenges of early planting. The key lies in providing plants with consistent and appropriate light cues.

Consider supplementary lighting for those early-started cannabis plants. This is a highly effective method to mitigate the risks of a decreased harvest, particularly for photoperiod-sensitive strains that might otherwise struggle to transition effectively with the naturally lengthening days.

Here’s how supplementary lighting works as a solution:

  • Extending the “Daylight” Period Artificially: By introducing artificial light, you can effectively extend the photoperiod beyond natural daylight hours. This signals to your cannabis plants that it is still “summer,” keeping them in a robust vegetative state. For example, maintaining a light cycle of 18 hours of light and 6 hours of darkness (18/6) with supplementary lights will encourage continuous vegetative growth.
  • Preventing Premature Flowering: This artificial extension of daylight prevents the plants from prematurely entering the flowering phase, which, as discussed, would lead to smaller plants and reduced yields. It ensures they develop a strong, healthy structure capable of supporting a larger harvest later on.
  • Promoting Vigorous Growth: Consistent and adequate light supports vigorous vegetative growth, allowing plants to build significant biomass – a crucial foundation for maximizing yield and quality when they eventually transition to flowering.
  • Smooth Transition to Natural Cycles: Once natural daylight hours are consistently long enough (typically around late October to November), you can gradually reduce or cease supplementary lighting. This allows your plants to naturally transition to outdoor conditions and initiate flowering when the days become shorter again in late summer/early autumn, maximizing their genetic potential.

For South African growers with plants that germinated before the astronomical Spring Equinox, supplementary light acts as a crucial tool, ensuring your cannabis plants remain in an optimal growth cycle, poised for a successful and abundant yield.

spring equinox

It’s Never Too Late: Embracing Flexibility in the Growing Season

While the Spring Equinox serves as a powerful traditional marker for starting the cannabis season, it’s essential to remember that in the vibrant South African climate, it’s never too late to begin your cultivation journey in the early stages of spring. The flexibility of our growing season, combined with the resilience of the cannabis plant, offers ample opportunities for success.

Indeed, mid-October is often considered a perfect planting time for many cannabis growers in South Africa. By this point:

  • Natural Light Periods are Well-Established: The days are consistently long, providing reliable light cues for robust vegetative growth without the need for supplementary lighting. This simplifies cultivation and reduces energy costs.
  • Warmer Temperatures are Consistent: Mid-October brings consistent warmth, reducing the risk of unexpected cold snaps that can stress young plants. The soil temperatures are also ideal for germination and root development.
  • Reduced Need for Artificial Intervention: Starting in mid-October often means less intervention is required to manage light cycles or temperature fluctuations, making it a more natural and often less labour-intensive approach.
  • Ample Time for a Full Cycle: Even with a mid-October start, there is still plenty of time for cannabis plants to undergo a complete vegetative and flowering cycle before the onset of cooler, shorter days in late summer/early autumn.

The cannabis plant itself is remarkably adaptable, and modern growing techniques, combined with a deeper understanding of its life cycle, allow for successful cultivation even if you miss the precise window of the equinox. Whether you choose to follow traditional celestial calendars or opt for a later, more straightforward start, the key is informed decision-making and attentive plant care. The Spring Equinox is a revered benchmark, but it doesn’t close the door on a bountiful cannabis harvest; it merely signifies one of many promising starting points in our dynamic South African growing season.

spring equinox

Integrating Cosmic Wisdom with Modern Cannabis Cultivation in South Africa

The recent lunar eclipse, a moment of collective awe, and the impending Spring Equinox, a traditional marker of agricultural new beginnings, powerfully remind us of our profound connection to the cosmos. For South African cannabis cultivators, this interplay of ancient wisdom and modern science offers a unique opportunity to refine and enhance their growing practices.

Connecting to Previous Insights: This discussion on celestial gardening directly complements our previous explorations into the inherent benefits of cannabis. While the direct physical influence of the moon on plants remains a subject of scientific debate, the disciplined observational approach inherent in celestial gardening fosters meticulous farm management, robust soil health, and heightened plant attentiveness. These practices, when combined with our scientific understanding of the cannabis plant’s internal chemistry—such as the rich protein and omega fatty acids in its seeds, and the groundbreaking discovery of flavoalkaloids in its leaves by Stellenbosch University—create a holistic framework for cultivation. These intrinsic, science-backed benefits are consistently present, irrespective of lunar phases, but can be optimally leveraged within a thoughtfully managed growing environment.

A Holistic Approach for Local Growers: For South African cannabis growers, integrating these perspectives means embracing a comprehensive strategy:

  • Informed Decision-Making: Understand both traditional lunar guidelines and the scientific principles of plant biology, particularly regarding light cycles and plant physiology.
  • Optimised Soil Health: Focus on preparing nutrient-rich, well-aerated soil, as this foundational element is critical for robust growth, regardless of cosmic timing.
  • Strategic Strain Selection: Choose cannabis strains well-suited to your local climate and specific growth goals, possibly even considering strains with unique chemical profiles like those identified in local research.
  • Adaptive Practices: Be prepared to adapt. If you start early, be ready to provide supplementary light. If you start later, embrace the consistent, warmer conditions of mid-spring.
  • Local Research and Observation: Support and engage with local research initiatives that seek to understand what works best in specific South African microclimates. Continually observe your own plants and environment, learning from every cycle.
spring equinox

The Spring Equinox, therefore, is not merely a date, but an invitation—an invitation to embark on a season of informed, adaptable, and deeply connected cannabis cultivation. By blending the time-honoured wisdom of celestial gardeners with cutting-edge scientific insights, South African cultivators can not only strive for bountiful harvests but also foster a deeper, more sustainable relationship with the remarkable cannabis plant and the vibrant natural world around us. Let the season of renewal begin, guided by both Earth and sky.

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The Celestial Gardener: Unpacking Moon-Phase Planting

moon-phase planting

Just recently, across the vast and varied landscapes of South Africa, many of us turned our gaze skyward, captivated by the spectacle of a lunar eclipse – a “blood moon” casting its ethereal glow upon our land. Whether experienced from a mountain peak or a cosy evening picnic, the moon’s enduring power to inspire wonder and connection to the cosmos is undeniable. This deep-seated human fascination with celestial rhythms has permeated countless aspects of our lives, none more enduringly than agriculture.

Among the oldest traditions in farming is the practice of planting by the moon cycle, a method rooted in the belief that celestial phases directly influence earthly growth. For generations, from seasoned small-scale farmers in the rural heartland to ambitious commercial cultivators, observing lunar patterns has been a guiding principle for optimising planting, tending, and harvesting. In South Africa, where indigenous knowledge and ancient wisdom often intertwine with modern practices, this celestial gardening takes on a profound significance, particularly within the burgeoning cannabis industry.

Many local cannabis growers, deeply attuned to the rhythms of nature, embrace lunar planting. For some, the recent blood moon might have marked a perfect seasonal window for planting, aligning with specific energies believed to foster robust growth. For others, the anticipation builds towards the Spring equinox, a time traditionally associated with new beginnings and renewed vitality in the plant kingdom. But beyond the anecdotal observations and age-old customs, what is the underlying philosophy of moon-phase planting? And what does contemporary science, including pioneering local research, say about the moon’s subtle, yet potentially powerful, influence on our cherished cannabis plants?

In previous discussions, we’ve highlighted the scientifically validated benefits of cannabis and hemp seeds – from their rich, complete protein profiles and heart-healthy omega fatty acids to the groundbreaking discovery of rare flavoalkaloids in cannabis leaves by Stellenbosch University. These findings underscore the profound chemical complexity of the plant itself. Now, we expand this exploration to encompass an even broader, cosmic influence, examining the traditional wisdom of lunar planting, its scientific scrutiny, and what this duality means for sustainable and informed cannabis cultivation in South Africa.

The Ancient Roots of Lunar Planting: A Biodynamic Philosophy

The practice of cultivating in harmony with lunar cycles is a testament to humanity’s long-standing connection with the natural world. Civilisations across continents – from the intricate agricultural calendars of the Mayans and the ancient Egyptians to the detailed herbal wisdom of European botanists like Nicholas Culpeper – meticulously tracked the moon. These cultures believed that its gravitational pull and changing light significantly impacted everything from oceanic tides to human fertility and, crucially, the vitality of crops.

At the heart of modern moon-phase planting lies biodynamic agriculture, a holistic farming system pioneered by Rudolf Steiner in the early 20th century. Biodynamic farmers view the farm as a self-sustaining organism, intimately connected to cosmic rhythms. They believe that by aligning farming activities with the moon’s cycles, they can enhance crop yields, improve plant health, and foster deeper harmony with the environment. This approach is not merely about avoiding synthetic inputs, as in organic farming, but about actively engaging with the subtle forces believed to govern life on Earth.

The core premise of lunar planting rests on two primary, yet largely unproven, mechanisms:

  1. Gravitational Influence: It is believed that the moon’s gravitational pull, similar to its effect on ocean tides, subtly influences the movement of water and nutrients within plants – their sap flow. This “tidal effect” within plants is thought to stimulate different growth patterns depending on the moon’s position relative to Earth and the Sun.
  2. Light Cycles: The varying intensity of moonlight across the lunar cycle is considered an environmental cue that can stimulate different physiological responses in plants, such as germination, leaf growth, or root development.

These beliefs drive a meticulous approach to agricultural planning, where every task, from sowing to harvesting, is scheduled according to the moon’s journey through the sky.

moon-phase planting

The Lunar Calendar for Cannabis: Traditional Cultivation Strategies

For cannabis cultivators embracing biodynamic principles, the moon phases transform into a living, dynamic calendar, guiding specific tasks to optimise plant health and potential yield. While cannabis’s growth cycle is predominantly influenced by photoperiod (light/dark cycles) for flowering, traditional lunar planting offers a complementary framework for enhancing overall plant vitality.

Here’s how these age-old traditions translate into practical advice for cultivating cannabis, often adapted for specific growth goals:

  1. The Waxing Moon (New Moon to Full Moon): Encouraging Above-Ground Vigour
    As the moon visibly grows from a faint crescent to a full disk, this period is traditionally associated with increasing lunar energy and an upward energetic pull.
  • Above-Ground Growth: This phase is considered optimal for planting seeds or clones intended for robust vegetative growth, encouraging energy to be directed towards lush foliage and strong stems. The belief is that the increasing light and gravitational pull stimulate sap flow, enhancing seed germination, initial root establishment, and overall plant development. For cannabis, this translates to focusing on vegetative growth, fostering healthy, vigorous shoots and leaves.
  • Grafting: The rising sap during the waxing phase is also thought to improve the success rate of grafting, as the plant’s enhanced vitality is believed to aid graft establishment. This could be relevant for cannabis growers looking to propagate specific strains or create multi-strain plants.
  1. The Full Moon: Peak Energy and Flowering Signals
    The night of the full moon is often seen as a pinnacle of lunar influence, with maximum light intensity and gravitational pull.
  • Optimal Sowing: This day is traditionally considered favourable for sowing seeds, believed to promote higher germination rates and stronger initial growth. For cannabis, this aligns with starting seeds for vigorous plants.
  • Flowering and Fruiting: For some plants, the increased light of the full moon may act as an environmental cue, potentially influencing flowering and fruiting cycles. While cannabis flowering is primarily initiated by changes in daily light exposure (photoperiod), traditional growers might view the full moon as a supportive element, enhancing the plant’s reproductive phases.
  • Pruning Avoided: Pruning is generally avoided around the full moon, as the plant’s sap is believed to be at its highest, potentially leading to excessive bleeding and slower healing.
  1. The Waning Moon (Full Moon to New Moon): Root Development and Storage Focus
    As the moon appears to shrink from full to a thin crescent, this phase is linked to decreasing lunar energy and a shift in focus towards below-ground growth.
  • Root Enhancement: This period is considered ideal for activities that promote strong root development. For cannabis, this might mean focusing on root-boosting applications or, if growing for specific root biomass (though less common for cannabis), encouraging subterranean growth. The reduced light and receding gravitational pull are thought to encourage energy to be directed downwards to the root systems, improving nutrient absorption and overall plant stability.
  • Transplanting and Pruning: The waning moon is considered an ideal time for transplanting, as the downward energy flow is believed to reduce transplant shock and promote quicker re-establishment. Pruning is also recommended during this phase, as the receding sap is thought to promote quicker healing of cut surfaces.
  • Harvesting for Preservation: Harvesting crops intended for long-term storage is traditionally done during the waning moon, as the plant’s sap is believed to be concentrated in the roots, potentially leading to better preservation of the harvested material.
  1. Ascending vs. Descending Moon: Influencing Sap Flow and Development
    Beyond the monthly phases, some biodynamic calendars incorporate whether the moon is “ascending” (moving higher in the sky each day) or “descending” (moving lower).
  • Ascending Moon: Believed to promote an upward sap flow and stimulate shoot development. This period is considered apt for aerial agricultural activities such as grafting, layering, and harvesting above-ground parts. For cannabis, this would correspond to periods of strong vegetative growth.
  • Descending Moon: Thought to encourage downward sap flow and root activity. This time is considered ideal for planting root crops, transplanting, and general soil work, believed to enhance nutrient uptake in the root zone.
  1. Node Days and Perigee/Apogee:
  • Node Days: These occur when the moon crosses the path of the sun (when eclipses are possible). They are generally considered disruptive and unfavourable for most farming activities.
  • Perigee (Moon Closest to Earth): When the moon is closest, its gravitational pull is strongest. This period is often associated with enhanced fungal diseases and is advised against for sowing due to increased susceptibility.
  • Apogee (Moon Farthest from Earth): This period, when the moon’s gravitational pull is weakest, is considered ideal for harvesting, storage of crops, and composting.

6. Zodiac Rhythms: Highly intricate biodynamic calendars also integrate the moon’s passage through the 12 zodiac constellations. Specific constellations (grouped by elements like Fire, Water, Earth, or Air) are linked to different crop types (fruit/seed, leafy, tuber/soil, flower), guiding targeted activities for cannabis and other plants.

Moon-phase planting

Under the Gaze of Science: Scrutinizing Lunar Influence

While the traditional wisdom of moon-phase planting is deeply ingrained in agricultural lore, modern science approaches these claims with rigorous empirical scrutiny. A comprehensive review of physics and biology textbooks, alongside peer-reviewed literature, often presents a more reserved and frequently sceptical perspective on the moon’s direct physiological influence on plants.

The paper “What Has Been Thought and Taught on the Lunar Influence on Plants in Agriculture? Perspective from Physics and Biology” by Mayoral, Solbes, Cantó, and Pina provides a critical scientific framework. Their extensive review highlights the disconnect between popular agricultural beliefs and established scientific evidence regarding lunar effects on plant growth [Mayoral et al. 2020].

  1. The Folly of Gravitational Forces on Plants:
  • Miniscule Gravitational Pull: From a purely physical standpoint, the moon’s gravitational pull on Earth’s surface is approximately 3.3 × 10⁻⁵ m/s², which is nearly 300,000 times lower than Earth’s own gravity. While the moon’s differential gravitational pull is the primary driver of ocean tides, this force is extremely weak on individual plants.
  • Imperceptible Effect on Plant Fluids: The tidal acceleration exerted by the moon on a small, individual object like a 2-metre-tall plant is calculated to be a minuscule 3 × 10⁻¹³ m/s² [Mayoral et al. 2020]. This value is “completely imperceptible” and insufficient to induce any significant movement or flow in plant sap, which is governed by much stronger internal capillary forces, osmotic pressure, and transpiration pull.
  • Tidal Mismatch: Even if lunar gravity did affect sap flow in plants, oceanic tides occur twice daily, whereas biodynamic practices link sap movement to the monthly lunar phases (waxing/waning). This fundamental mismatch further undermines the gravitational hypothesis for lunar-phase planting.
  1. Moonlight: A Faint Glow with Limited Impact:
  • Extremely Low Illuminance: Moonlight, even at its brightest during a full moon, is incredibly dim compared to sunlight. It provides, at best, 0.25 lux, which is 128,000 to 400,000 times lower than the minimum sunlight on an average day [Mayoral et al. 2020].
  • Insufficient for Photosynthesis: This minimal light intensity is generally considered “not a significant source of energy for photosynthesis.” Plants primarily rely on direct, high-intensity solar radiation for their energy production. Studies have shown that full moonlight PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) is inadequate for photosynthetically supported growth [Breitler et al. 2020].
  • Stress, Not Stimulus: Interestingly, recent research on Coffea arabica plants indicates that while plants can perceive full moonlight (as blue light), this weak illumination acts more as a “stress factor” than a growth stimulant. It has been shown to influence the transcription of genes related to photosynthesis and chloroplast machinery, suggesting a perception of stress rather than beneficial growth [Breitler et al. 2020].
  • Limited Impact on Flowering: While some night-blooming species may use moonlight as a cue, scientific consensus suggests it’s unlikely to significantly influence flowering in most plants due to its low intensity. Early work on polarised moonlight and germination by Semmens showed some limited effects, but later studies found these effects negligible due to the extremely small polarization levels [Mayoral et al. 2020].
  1. Other Proposed Influences: Unsubstantiated Claims:
  • Lunar Magnetic Fields: Theories suggesting that lunar magnetic fields influence plant growth are also largely unsubstantiated by direct scientific evidence. The moon’s current magnetic field is negligible compared to Earth’s own geomagnetic field, and any proposed effect would be minuscule and has not been conclusively proven to affect plant biology directly [Mayoral et al. 2020].
  • Atmospheric Tides: While the moon’s gravity does cause subtle “atmospheric tides” affecting wind patterns, these are considered minor compared to solar influences and lack direct correlation to plant physiological responses as claimed by biodynamic practices [Mayoral et al. 2020].

In summary, the comprehensive scientific review by Mayoral et al. unequivocally states that “to date Moon has not been proved to affect plant biology regarding consolidated physics” [Mayoral et al. 2020]. The logical consequence is that direct lunar effects on plant physiology are generally absent from standard physics and biology reference handbooks.

Moon-phase planting

Bridging the Divide: Observations, Science, and the Future of Cannabis

The scientific discourse often finds itself at odds with generations of agricultural observations. While Mayoral et al. conclude there’s no strong scientific backing for direct lunar influence, other studies, like the review by Sivasankari and Thimmaiah, acknowledge that biodynamic farmers do report observable positive correlations [Sivasankari & Thimmaiah, 2021]. These include enhanced seed germination, increased yields in crops like barley, oats, carrots, and radishes, and even improved quality of phytoconstituents in Ashwagandha when harvested during full moon periods.

This discrepancy highlights a critical point: while a direct, physics-based causal mechanism from the moon to plant physiology remains largely unproven, the holistic practice of biodynamic farming, which incorporates lunar cycles, often involves meticulous observation, deep soil stewardship, and a general attentiveness to nature. These indirect factors—optimized soil health, reduced pest pressure due to stronger plants, and careful timing of tasks—could be responsible for the reported positive outcomes, regardless of a direct lunar force. The commitment to working with nature, as often found in biodynamic approaches, can intrinsically lead to improved yields and plant vitality.

Moon-phase planting

Implications for Cannabis Cultivation in South Africa:

This dual perspective—respecting traditional observations while seeking scientific understanding—is particularly vital for South Africa’s rapidly growing cannabis industry:

  • Respecting Cultural Heritage: In a country rich with diverse cultural practices, dismissing traditional lunar planting outright would be short-sighted. These traditions often embody valuable, time-tested practices of land stewardship and careful observation that contribute to healthy ecosystems. For cannabis growers, embracing the discipline of lunar calendars, even without explicit scientific causation for direct lunar forces, can foster meticulous planning and a deeper connection to their land.
  • Leveraging Intrinsic Plant Benefits: The scientifically validated benefits of cannabis and hemp seeds – from their complete protein and healthy fats to the groundbreaking discovery of rare flavoalkaloids in the leaves by Stellenbosch University – are inherent to the plant itself. These intrinsic qualities are a constant, robust foundation for cultivation, regardless of celestial alignments. The Stellenbosch research, uncovering new compounds within cannabis leaves, is a powerful example of how deep scientific inquiry into the plant’s own chemistry continues to yield astonishing results, offering tangible, science-backed avenues for product development.
  • The Need for Local, Controlled Research: The scientific community, including Project Alpha and Sivasankari & Thimmaiah, calls for more rigorous, region-specific studies. For South African cannabis growers, this means an opportunity to participate in controlled trials that compare lunar-phase planting with conventional methods, meticulously monitoring not just yields but also cannabinoid and terpene profiles, flavoalkaloid content, and other plant physiological responses. Such local research, conducted with scientific rigour, can provide evidence-based guidance, validating or refining traditional practices in our unique climates and soil conditions.
  • Informed Cultivation for Sustainability: By balancing traditional wisdom with scientific insights, South African cannabis cultivators can adopt a truly informed approach. This involves integrating the proven benefits of proper soil management, nutrient cycling, pest control, and optimal strain selection (informed by chemical analyses like those from Stellenbosch University) with the meticulous planning offered by lunar calendars. The result is a more sustainable, resilient, and potentially more productive cultivation system that respects both the earthly and celestial rhythms.

The recent blood moon, a moment of collective awe, reminds us that the universe is full of mysteries. As South African scientists continue to lead the way in uncovering the plant’s chemical secrets, and our agricultural community explores its rhythms, we move closer to a future where cannabis is cultivated, understood, and cherished for its profound and multifaceted potential – a true gift from both Earth and sky. This journey, blending ancient wisdom with cutting-edge science, promises not only healthier crops but a deeper, more sustainable connection to our world.

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The Early Bird Gets the Bud: Why OG Growers are soil prepping

soil prepping

As the South African winter firmly settles into its diverse rhythms – whether damp, dry, or intensely cold – the most seasoned organic growers are already deeply engaged in a critical annual ritual: early soil preparation for the outdoor season. While some cultivators enjoy the continuity of year-round indoor or greenhouse grows, for many, this chilly period is not a lull, but a strategic window to lay the groundwork for a truly spectacular spring and summer harvest.

For newer growers, the importance of beginning soil preparations so far ahead of the September planting rush might seem puzzling, perhaps even a sign of over-eagerness after reflecting on last season’s lessons. But this proactive approach is a hallmark of successful organic cultivation. This week, we’re highlighting why getting ahead with your soil, genetics, and environment, even in the depths of winter, is paramount for a season of unparalleled growth and resilience.

The Organic Grower’s Mantra: Cultivating Truly Living Soil

For organic outdoor and raised bed growers, the ground is far more than just a medium to hold plants; it’s a vibrant, living ecosystem. As we explored in our previous discussions on soil health, a thriving soil food web is the cornerstone of robust plant growth and natural defence. This intricate community of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and micro-arthropods performs essential functions that cannot be rushed, particularly when building a living soil environment from scratch or improving an existing one.

  • Time for Microbial Establishment: Introducing organic matter now – whether through rich compost, well-rotted manures, or nutrient-dense leaf mould – provides ample time for the microscopic life within your soil to fully awaken and establish. These beneficial microorganisms, the primary decomposers, diligently break down complex organic compounds into simpler, plant-available nutrients. This biological process is slower in cooler winter soil, making early amendment critical to ensure a diverse and active microbial community is ready to supply nutrients by September.
  • Optimal Nutrient Cycling: In a true living soil, the goal is for the plants to receive a balanced diet directly from the soil food web, reducing reliance on frequent external nutrient inputs during the active growing season. Starting early ensures that your organic amendments have sufficient time to decompose and for nutrients (like the essential N, P, and K) to be mineralised and made bioavailable. This prolonged preparation helps establish a natural, buffered nutrient supply, leading to healthier plants that efficiently absorb what they need.
  • Enhanced Soil Structure: Beyond nutrient cycling, the soil food web actively improves the physical structure of your soil. Fungal mycelial networks bind soil particles, creating aggregates that enhance aeration and water retention. Incorporating amendments like biochar, sand (for clay soils), or perlite and vermiculite (for pots/raised beds) now allows these components to integrate properly, leading to a resilient medium that supports strong root expansion and efficient drainage, which is vital for preventing issues like waterlogging.
soil prepping

Cover Crop Selection: A Living Blanket for Your Soil

As your outdoor beds rest through winter, they don’t have to lie fallow. Implementing a carefully chosen cover crop now is a powerful strategy to activate and protect your soil’s living ecosystem. Options like crimson clover, hairy vetch, or even mixtures tailored for your specific climate can offer immense benefits. These living blankets work to prevent nutrient leaching, suppress winter weeds, and, crucially, stimulate microbial activity by providing a continuous food source for the soil food web. By the time spring arrives, these cover crops can be “chopped and dropped” or lightly tilled into the soil, decomposing to release a bounty of fresh, bioavailable nutrients and further enhancing soil structure and aeration, ensuring your cannabis roots find a perfectly conditioned home when planted.

Choosing the right cover crop is as strategic as selecting your cannabis chemovar. Consider your local winter conditions – some cover crops are more cold-hardy than others. Evaluate your soil’s needs: Legumes like clover and vetch are excellent nitrogen fixers, naturally enriching your soil’s nitrogen content and reducing the need for synthetic inputs. Fast-growing grasses can rapidly build organic matter. This slow, deliberate addition of life and nutrients over winter ensures your soil is not just “ready” but truly flourishing when the main season begins, offering a more resilient and self-sustaining environment for your cannabis plants.

Winter Wisdom for Every Grower: Beyond the Soil Amendments

An early start offers strategic advantages that extend beyond just soil health, impacting genetic selection and overall environmental readiness for all cultivation methods, even those in controlled environments.

  • Informed Genetic Selection: The cooler, less demanding months of winter are ideal for thoughtful strain selection. Instead of making hasty decisions when the spring rush hits, you have ample time to research chemovars that precisely align with your specific cultivation goals. Are you aiming for potent flower with distinct terpene profiles, high-resin material for extracts, or optimal biomass for edibles? Early planning allows you to delve deep into genetic potential, selecting strains known for desirable traits like abundant trichome production or specific cannabinoid ratios. This foresight also enables you to choose genetics with inherent resilience, which can be crucial for mitigating the risk of common diseases like bud rot, especially if your grow environment is prone to humidity challenges.
  • Proactive Environmental Assessment: Winter provides a unique and valuable window to assess and refine your outdoor grow environment before the pressure of live plants sets in. This means evaluating sun exposure patterns, identifying potential wind tunnels, and planning any necessary structural improvements to enhance microclimates. For indoor and greenhouse cultivators, this period is perfect for fine-tuning your environmental controls. Thoroughly testing heating, ventilation, and dehumidification systems now can identify and rectify any issues that might otherwise lead to plant stress or disease outbreaks when the grow season begins in earnest. As we’ve consistently discussed, precise control over temperature and humidity is non-negotiable for mitigating winter’s inherent challenges and preventing conditions where fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, can thrive.
  • Reduced Plant Stress and Enhanced Resilience: Starting early means your cannabis plants will be introduced to a prepared, thriving environment, significantly reducing transplant shock and overall environmental stress. Plants that begin their life cycle in optimal, well-established conditions tend to be more vigorous, resilient, and less susceptible to disease and pest pressures. This proactive approach ensures that the plant’s resources are primarily channelled into robust growth and optimal cannabinoid/terpene production, rather than battling environmental adversity. For new growers, this preparatory period offers an invaluable opportunity to learn the fundamental principles of soil science, nutrient management, and environmental control without the high-stakes pressure of managing a problem-ridden active grow. It fosters confidence and sets the stage for a more rewarding cultivation journey.
soil prepping

Purchasing Wisely: The Power of Slow and Steady Acquisition

The winter months, far from being a period of inactivity, are ideal for strategic slow purchasing of supplies. Instead of making hurried, last-minute decisions under pressure, you can acquire items methodically as your budget allows, spreading out costs and ensuring you get exactly what you need without compromise. This approach extends to everything from grow medium components like perlite, coco coir, or specialised composts, to essential tools like pH meters, nutrient solutions (if supplementing), and environmental monitoring devices.

This deliberate acquisition process serves multiple benefits. It allows you to research and compare products thoroughly, often securing better deals or more suitable options than during peak season rushes. Crucially, it helps manage your budget effectively by avoiding large, sudden outlays. For new growers, this phased approach to purchasing is invaluable; it allows you to build your foundational toolkit steadily, learning about each component’s role and value before the demands of an active grow begin.

Embrace the Strategic Spring Preparation

The South African winter, with its varied climate, is not downtime but a strategic period for cannabis growers. While the immediate urge to plant may be strong, especially for first-timers, embracing these cooler months for meticulous preparation is a hallmark of truly successful cultivation.

By proactively building healthy living soil, making informed genetic selections, and diligently preparing your grow environment, you empower your plants to thrive. This comprehensive approach, tailored to the specific demands of your chosen cultivation method and end goal, ensures that your hard work culminates in a clean, healthy, and high-quality harvest, regardless of what the upcoming spring and summer bring. Don’t let the cold be a deterrent; let it be an invitation to lay the groundwork for your most successful season yet.

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Understanding and Combating Bud Rot in Your Cannabis Grow

Bud Rot

For any cannabis cultivator, few discoveries are as disheartening as the appearance of bud rot within a flourishing canopy. What begins as a subtle discolouration can swiftly spread, transforming dense, resinous flowers into a soft, grey, unusable mass. This destructive disease, caused by the pervasive fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, represents one of the most significant threats to cannabis crops globally, capable of inflicting substantial losses both before and after harvest.

Understanding this notorious fungus – its intricate life cycle, the environmental conditions it thrives in, and its mechanisms of infection – is the most critical step in safeguarding your valuable crop. This guide, drawing on extensive scientific research, will provide an in-depth look at Botrytis cinerea to help you proactively identify, manage, and ultimately prevent this silent threat in your garden.

What is Botrytis cinerea?

Botrytis cinerea, commonly known as grey mould or bud rot, is a highly successful and ubiquitous necrotrophic fungus. This means it obtains its nutrients by actively killing host plant cells and feeding on the dead tissue. It boasts an incredibly vast host range, capable of infecting over 1,000 plant species, including economically significant agricultural crops like strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes. In cannabis, it is the primary culprit behind bud rot, specifically targeting the dense, moisture-retaining inflorescences.

The fungus is a master of survival, utilising various forms and strategies to persist and spread, making it a persistent challenge in both indoor and outdoor cultivation environments.

The Life Cycle of Bud Rot: From Microscopic Spore to Devastating Decay

To effectively combat Botrytis, a clear understanding of its operational blueprint is essential. The diagram below illustrates the typical disease cycle, which, under ideal conditions, can progress from initial infection to full bud rot in as little as 3–4 days.

bud rot

A Step-by-Step Breakdown of the Cycle:

  • Inoculum and Spore Landing: The cycle almost always begins with microscopic, airborne spores called conidia. These conidia are the primary means of transmission and are a constant presence in the environment. They can originate from resilient overwintering structures known as sclerotia (hardened masses of fungal mycelium) in soil or plant debris, or from previously infected plant material. Carried by wind or splashing water, these spores land on susceptible parts of the cannabis plant.
  • Spore Germination and Penetration: For the dormant spore to activate and germinate, it requires specific conditions, primarily sustained moisture and an accessible nutrient source. Once hydrated, the spore produces a germ tube that initiates penetration into the plant tissue. In cannabis, the exposed stigmas (pistils) of young flowers often serve as a prime entry point, providing both moisture and a rich nutrient source. The fungus employs a combination of physical pressure and enzymatic activity (releasing cell-wall-degrading enzymes) to breach the plant’s outer defences.
  • Colonisation and Early Infection: Once inside the plant, Botrytis begins to colonise the host tissue. It can initially enter a biotrophic phase, where it lives within the plant without immediately killing cells, often suppressing the plant’s initial defence responses. This can lead to latent infections, where the fungus is present but no visible symptoms are apparent, complicating early detection.
  • Necrosis and Bud Rot Development: Triggered by factors such as tissue maturity (e.g., ripening flowers), senescence, or environmental stress, the fungus switches to its aggressive necrotrophic phase. It begins to secrete phytotoxins (like botryoidal and botcinic acid) and enzymes that actively kill plant cells. This is the stage where the familiar symptoms of bud rot emerge: water-soaked spots, rapid browning and softening of tissues, and the eventual decay and collapse of the entire flower structure.
  • Reproduction and Spore Dissemination: As the fungus consumes the dead tissue, it rapidly produces new conidiophores – structures that bear masses of new conidia. These grey, fuzzy structures emerge from the decaying bud, releasing a fresh wave of spores into the air, ready to infect adjacent buds or other plants. This secondary spread is rapid and devastating.
  • Overwintering: If infected plant material is left behind (e.g., in soil or on surfaces), the fungus can form resilient sclerotia. These dormant structures allow Botrytis to survive harsh conditions, awaiting favourable temperatures and moisture to initiate new infections in subsequent growing seasons.

Environmental and Plant Factors Driving Bud Rot

Botrytis cinerea is not an all-powerful entity; its success hinges on the presence of specific environmental conditions. For growers, manipulating these factors is the most potent line of defence against infection.

  • Humidity is the Prime Culprit: High relative humidity (RH) is the single most critical factor for Botrytis spore germination and mycelial growth. Levels above 85–90% RH are highly conducive to its development. Conversely, maintaining RH below 65% in your grow environment can effectively inhibit the fungus. As discussed in our previous blog on burping, controlling humidity is paramount for preventing mould and maintaining bud quality.
  • Temperature’s Influence: Botrytis is generally a cool-season disease. Its optimal temperature range for growth and sporulation is typically between 15–22°C (59–72°F). While it can survive cooler conditions, its growth is significantly reduced at temperatures above 30°C (86°F). This highlights a balancing act for growers, especially in indoor environments, to find the sweet spot that favors plant growth but inhibits pathogen development.
  • Moisture and Leaf Wetness: Any form of free moisture on the plant surface – whether from condensation (due to sharp temperature drops), guttation (exudation from leaves overnight), or improper watering – provides the essential hydration for spores to germinate and infect. Prolonged periods of leaf wetness are a major risk factor.
  • Air Circulation and VPD: Poor air movement and stagnant conditions create humid microclimates around plants, especially within dense canopies. Maintaining adequate Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) is crucial for healthy plant transpiration and for keeping plant surfaces dry. Circulating fans and proper ventilation are essential tools to prevent these humid pockets from forming.
  • Plant Architecture and Density: The physical structure of your cannabis plants directly impacts susceptibility. Strains that produce very large, dense, and compact inflorescences with many overlapping leaves are inherently more susceptible to bud rot. This dense architecture traps moisture and hinders airflow, creating ideal microclimates for the fungus.

The Nuance of Plant Chemistry: Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Defence

While cannabis plants produce a complex array of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and terpenes, their direct role in defending against Botrytis cinerea is a nuanced and ongoing area of research.

Antifungal Properties of Terpenes/Essential Oils: Studies on essential oils derived from other plants (like tea tree oil, oregano, cinnamon, and thyme) have demonstrated strong antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea in laboratory settings. These terpenes can disrupt fungal cell walls and membranes. While cannabis itself contains many of these same terpenes, direct evidence for their efficacy against Botrytis on the cannabis plant is still being explored. Some research indicates that specific terpene profiles or their emissions from maturing inflorescences might even influence Botrytis development on cannabis, though results are not always consistent.

Cannabinoids and Resistance: Similarly, the direct fungicidal effect of cannabinoids like THC and CBD against Botrytis on the living plant remains a complex area of study. While cannabis plants do possess innate defence responses at the biochemical and molecular levels (involving hormonal pathways like Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid), no known cannabis resistance genes to Botrytis have been conclusively identified yet. This means relying solely on the plant’s inherent chemical defenses for bud rot prevention is not a primary, reliable strategy.

This understanding underscores that while cannabis is a biorefinery of fascinating compounds, a holistic IPM strategy, rather than just chemical composition, is the most robust defence against Botrytis.

bud rot

Integrated Management: A Proactive, Multi-Layered Defence

Given that Botrytis cinerea is notoriously difficult to eradicate once established, prevention is always the most effective strategy. A comprehensive and proactive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is essential. This combines various approaches to create an environment where Botrytis simply cannot thrive.

Cultural Practices: These focus on optimising the grow environment and plant health:

  • Strategic Strain Selection: Prioritise genetics that naturally exhibit a more open, less compact bud structure, which is less conducive to moisture retention.
  • Meticulous Sanitation: Regularly remove all dead or dying plant material, fallen leaves, and debris from your grow space. This eliminates potential food sources and inoculum for the fungus.
  • Targeted Defoliation and Pruning: Thoughtful defoliation, especially in the lower and inner canopy, improves airflow, reduces humidity pockets, and allows better light penetration. Pruning should be clean to avoid creating open wounds.
  • Optimal Plant Density: Avoid overcrowding plants in your grow space. Proper spacing significantly enhances air circulation and light exposure throughout the canopy.
  • Nutrient Management: While direct links between specific nutrients and Botrytis resistance in cannabis can be conflicting, maintaining overall plant health through balanced nutrition (avoiding extremes, as discussed in our NPK optimisation guide) inherently boosts a plant’s resilience to stress and pathogens.

Environmental Modification: Precise control of atmospheric conditions is paramount:

  • Rigorous Humidity Control: This is your primary defence. Utilise dehumidifiers, proper exhaust, and oscillating fans to consistently keep RH below 65% during flowering, and avoid sharp RH spikes.
  • Optimised Temperature Control: Maintain temperatures within the optimal range for cannabis growth while being mindful of night-time drops that can lead to condensation and conditions favourable for Botrytis.
  • Enhanced Airflow: Ensure continuous, gentle air movement across and within the canopy. This prevents stagnant air pockets and promotes rapid drying of any moisture on plant surfaces.
  • Biological Control Agents (Biofungicides): This approach offers a powerful, reduced-risk alternative or supplement to other strategies:
  • Harnessing Beneficial Microbes: Biofungicides utilise specific strains of beneficial bacteria (like Bacillus and Pseudomonas) and fungi (like Trichoderma) that can naturally suppress Botrytis.
  • Mechanisms of Action: These agents work through various means: by competing with Botrytis for space and nutrients, by producing antifungal compounds that directly inhibit the pathogen, or by triggering the plant’s Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR), essentially “priming” the plant’s own defence mechanisms to better fight off invaders. Several such products are approved for use on cannabis in various regions, offering a clean, effective layer of protection.

Post-Harvest Management: The Final Stand: The battle against bud rot extends beyond harvest.

  • Proper Drying Techniques: Your drying space must have excellent airflow and be maintained at appropriate temperature and humidity levels to dry buds efficiently and thoroughly. This minimises the window for Botrytis to proliferate.
  • Controlled Curing: As emphasised in our burping discussions, curing must be done in a controlled environment with proper burping or humidity control packs (like Boveda) to prevent moisture accumulation, which can reactivate dormant mould spores and lead to costly product recalls.
  • Rigorous Inspection: Inspect every bud during trimming and curing. Any sign of rot, no matter how small, must be immediately removed and discarded to prevent it from spreading to healthy material.
bud rot

Cultivating Resilience and Protecting Your Harvest

The threat of Botrytis cinerea is a constant challenge for cannabis cultivators, capable of undermining months of hard work. However, armed with scientific knowledge and a proactive mindset, it is a challenge that can be overcome. The key lies not in a single solution, but in a holistic and integrated IPM strategy.

By intentionally selecting resistant strains, meticulously controlling your environment, implementing diligent cultural practices, and leveraging the power of biological controls, you transform your grow space into an inhospitable fortress against Botrytis. This multi-layered defence, coupled with unwavering vigilance from propagation to post-harvest, empowers you to protect your plants and ensure your efforts culminate in the clean, healthy, and high-quality buds you aspire to cultivate.

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Harnessing the Power of Mycorrhizal Fungi

Harnessing the Power of Mycorrhizal Fungi

A Deeper Look at Soil Health

Over the past few months, we have explored various aspects of cannabis cultivation, from soil biology and nutrient management to sustainability practices that can minimize the environmental impact of growing. Last week, we examined how growers can implement regenerative farming, composting, and water conservation techniques to create a more sustainable cannabis industry. But what if nature itself had a built-in system to improve plant health, increase nutrient absorption, and create stronger, more resilient cannabis plants?

That’s where mycorrhizal fungi come in. As Jeff Lowenfels explores in Teaming with Fungi, these beneficial fungi play a critical role in plant development, root health, and ecosystem balance. In this blog, we dive into how cannabis growers can harness mycorrhizal fungi to enhance soil health, boost yields, and reinforce the principles of regenerative cultivation that we discussed last week.

What Are Mycorrhizal Fungi?

Mycorrhizal fungi are symbiotic microorganisms that form beneficial relationships with plant roots. These fungi extend their hyphae (thread-like structures) into the soil, dramatically increasing the surface area available for nutrient and water absorption. In return, plants provide the fungi with carbohydrates derived from photosynthesis.

There are two primary types of mycorrhizal fungi that interact with plants:

  • Endomycorrhizae (Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, AMF) – These fungi penetrate plant root cells, forming structures inside the root tissue that aid in direct nutrient exchange. Cannabis plants thrive best with AMF, as they enhance phosphorus uptake, which is essential for root and flower development.
  • Ectomycorrhizae – These fungi surround plant roots rather than penetrating them, forming a protective sheath. While ectomycorrhizae are more common in trees, they still contribute to overall soil health and biodiversity.
Harnessing the Power of Mycorrhizal Fungi

How Mycorrhizal Fungi Benefit Cannabis Plants

The establishment of mycorrhizal fungi in the cannabis root zone is a game-changer for growers seeking to maximize plant vigor, nutrient uptake, and stress resistance. Studies have shown that Rhizophagus irregularis, a well-researched species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has a profound impact on cannabis seedlings. When properly introduced, mycorrhizal fungi attach to plant roots and extend their hyphal network deep into the surrounding soil, significantly increasing the root system’s ability to absorb water and nutrients.

Recent research into Rhizophagus irregularis demonstrated that cannabis plants treated with AMF exhibited a 34.14% increase in root length, compared to untreated plants. This expansion in root mass leads to improved nutrient accessibility, especially phosphorus, which is essential for both vegetative and flowering stages of cannabis. The study also found that AMF-treated plants had higher survival rates and enhanced overall seedling quality, which is particularly important for growers looking to reduce transplant shock and increase resilience against environmental stressors.

Enhanced Nutrient Uptake

One of the most important benefits of mycorrhizal fungi is their ability to access nutrients that plant roots alone cannot reach. Studies show that AMF improves the uptake of:

  • Phosphorus (P): Critical for root development and flowering.
  • Nitrogen (N): Supports vigorous growth and leaf health.
  • Micronutrients: Including zinc, copper, and iron—elements essential for plant metabolism.

Phosphorus is a key element in cannabis metabolism, resin production, and flower formation, yet it is often one of the least bioavailable nutrients in soil due to its tendency to form insoluble compounds. Mycorrhizal fungi, particularly Rhizophagus irregularis, have a unique ability to solubilize and mobilize phosphorus, making it more accessible to cannabis plants.

The study found that plants inoculated with AMF had 24.3% higher phosphorus concentrations compared to those without fungal colonization. This is crucial because phosphorus plays a vital role in energy transfer, root development, and terpene biosynthesis. Furthermore, the fungi contribute to nitrogen absorption, although the effect was less pronounced than with phosphorus. These findings suggest that establishing strong mycorrhizal networks early in the cannabis growth cycle can optimize nutrient efficiency, reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers, and promote overall plant health.

Harnessing the Power of Mycorrhizal Fungi

Improved Drought Resistance and Water Absorption

As discussed in our blog on water conservation in cannabis cultivation, mycorrhizal fungi improve water efficiency by extending the root system and increasing water retention in soil. This is particularly beneficial for growers in drought-prone regions like South Africa, where water conservation is essential.

Disease Resistance and Soil Health

Mycorrhizal fungi act as a natural defense system for plants. By colonizing root systems, these fungi create a protective barrier against harmful pathogens and soil-borne diseases. This aligns with the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that we covered earlier in the cultivation series.

Additionally, by fostering a diverse microbial community, soil becomes more resistant to disease outbreaks, further reducing the need for chemical interventions.

How to Introduce and Support Mycorrhizal Fungi in Your Grow

If you want to incorporate mycorrhizal fungi into your cannabis cultivation, here are the best ways to do so:

Use Mycorrhizal Inoculants

Many growers introduce beneficial fungi by applying mycorrhizal inoculants directly to seeds, clones, or transplants. These powders or liquid solutions contain spores of AMF, which attach to plant roots and establish fungal networks. There are many different options of spores on the market.You can also attempt to colonise your own fungal situation. We wrote about this in our Korean Natural Farming blog. Essentially we are going to use Rice, a box and some fungal matter from woody pieces laying around.

Harnessing the Power of Mycorrhizal Fungi

Avoid Tilling and Soil Disruption

Just as we discussed in last week’s regenerative farming blog, no-till farming helps preserve fungal networks. Tilling breaks apart mycorrhizal structures, reducing their effectiveness and disrupting soil microbiology. Forcing colonies to reestablish themselves and in the end losing more effectiveness during the process. 

Reduce Synthetic Inputs

Many chemical fertilizers—especially those high in phosphorus—inhibit mycorrhizal colonization. Instead, focus on organic soil amendments, compost teas, and natural fertilizers that support fungal activity rather than suppress it. Look into things like Bokashi and IMO to be your go to instead of a synthetic chemical. 

Maintain Soil Moisture and Organic Matter

Healthy soil rich in organic matter supports fungal growth. Using mulches, compost, and organic amendments helps fungi thrive while improving soil water retention and aeration.

The Future of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Cannabis Cultivation

As cannabis cultivation shifts toward more sustainable and organic methods, mycorrhizal fungi will play an increasingly important role in eco-friendly farming. Research is continuously uncovering new benefits of fungal networks, from increasing terpene profiles in cannabis flowers to enhancing plant immunity against environmental stress.

Harnessing the Power of Mycorrhizal Fungi

By integrating mycorrhizal fungi into cannabis cultivation, growers can build more resilient ecosystems, reduce their reliance on external inputs, and produce higher-quality, terpene-rich cannabis with a smaller environmental footprint.

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Composting, How it works

Composting, how it works

In the past weeks, we’ve delved into everything from propagation techniques to plant training strategies. This week, as your cannabis plants continue to grow, it’s time to focus on one of the foundational practices that can significantly enhance their health and yield: composting. Composting is a simple, natural way to enrich your soil, and it’s an investment that pays off over time. With methods like hot composting, Hugelkultur, and bokashi, you have several options to suit your needs, each bringing unique benefits to your cannabis cultivation.

While creating compost may seem straightforward, it can become time-consuming on a larger scale without efficient tools. Let’s explore how to get started with composting, the different techniques available, and the best ways to manage raw materials for a successful composting process that supports your cannabis garden.

composting, how it works

The Basics of Composting: Transforming Waste into Vital Nutrients

Composting is a natural process where organic materials decompose to form a nutrient-rich substance that resembles humus. Through aerobic decomposition, microorganisms break down green (nitrogen-rich) and brown (carbon-rich) materials, turning waste into compost. This final product, packed with microbes and essential nutrients, enhances soil structure, aids water retention, and stimulates root growth—perfect for cannabis cultivation.

Hot composting is a highly efficient way to create compost. This method relies on maintaining a high temperature within the compost pile to speed up decomposition. Hot composting, as described in your resources, can yield garden-ready compost in as little as three months if managed well. This quick turnaround makes it ideal for cannabis growers who need a steady supply of compost.

Hot Composting: Quick, Effective, and Full of Nutrients

Though labour-intensive, hot composting is one of the fastest and most effective methods. Here’s how to get started:

Layer materials: Begin with a foundation of brown materials (like straw or dried leaves), alternating layers of greens (like vegetable scraps or fresh grass clippings) with browns to maintain a balanced carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Make sure to keep the Browns material to a small size. Having large wood pieces will slow the quick composting down. So do your best to have twigs and sticks as small as possible. 

Maintain moisture: The pile should be moist but not soaking; aim for the feel of a wrung-out sponge. I always say, to start by adding water to the piles as you build them. Not too much but wet everything as you build your brown layers.

Incorporate some dirt or Soil: Adding in a small amount of dirt with your brown layers will help with moisture but also beef up your compost pile. Make sure that the dirt does not exceed 10% of the total browns. 

Monitor temperature: Use a compost thermometer to ensure the pile reaches around 55–60°C. When it hits this range, turn the pile to aerate it and regulate heat.

Turn regularly: Flip the pile each time it hits the ideal temperature range, usually every few days.

By following these steps, you’ll have nutrient-rich compost in 2–3 weeks, perfect for the soil. Or even as a top dress for your growing plants. More advanced growers will use this compost in their compost teas, ensuring the bioavailability of the nutrients. 

composting, how it works

Hugelkultur: Long-Lasting Nutrients and Moisture Retention

Hugelkultur is a unique form of composting that’s perfect for cannabis gardens requiring long-lasting, slow-releasing nutrients. Originating from German permaculture, Hugelkultur involves burying large logs or branches at the base of a planting bed, which slowly decomposes over time. This decomposition provides a continuous source of nutrients and helps retain moisture, reducing the need for frequent watering.

Over the years, the sophistication of Hugelkultur’s have gotten better. Consider not only adding large wood pieces at the bottom but also some stones too. Over time this will also provide minerals to the soil as it breaks down slowly over time. The higher up the Hugelkultur is built the smaller the materials are that make up each layer. In the end, it will be a little mound that will be able to sustain life perpetually over time with very minimal inputs. 

Composting, how it works

This method is ideal for outdoor cannabis growers who want a sustainable, low-maintenance approach to soil enrichment. As the wood breaks down, it becomes a natural sponge, holding water and releasing nutrients slowly—making it an excellent foundation for cannabis plants that require consistent moisture and nutrient availability.

Bokashi: A Fermentation-Based Approach

Bokashi composting is an anaerobic (oxygen-free) fermentation process, perfect for indoor composting or small spaces. By adding a microbial inoculant, typically a mixture of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and other beneficial microbes, bokashi breaks down organic material without odour. This method is ideal for home growers who need a compact solution for composting kitchen scraps.

The fermented material from bokashi can be added to your compost pile or buried directly in the soil. It speeds up the composting process and enriches the soil, especially beneficial for cannabis roots that thrive in a microbe-rich environment. Bokashi’s compact process also makes it accessible for those with limited space. You can find various types of Bokashi compost bins for home use online. Building one can be simple too. The main thing is to use an effective microbial solution to break down your scraps. Also, make sure that you can drain liquid strain from the Bin. this will be gold for Compost teas too.

Composting, how it works

Fish Hydrolysate: A Nutrient-Rich Boost for Your Cannabis

Fish hydrolysate, a liquid fertilizer made from whole fish or fish waste, is another excellent compost addition. It’s rich in nitrogen, amino acids, and minerals that support robust growth and flowering in cannabis plants. Unlike traditional fish emulsion, fish hydrolysate is cold-processed, retaining more nutrients.

However, making this is not really ideal for your neighbours and the smell can be overwhelming. So please be mindful if you are going to attempt this. Whole fish with a little bit of water crushed, mixed with unsulphured molasses. Good luck.

For cannabis growers, adding fish hydrolysate to compost or directly to soil can enhance microbial activity and enrich nutrient levels. Just remember that fish products can attract pests, so take care when applying them outdoors. You can also look at buying quality fish hydrolysate from reputable brands already established in our country.

Handling Raw Manure: High in Nutrients, But Use with Care

Raw manure is a powerful nitrogen source but requires careful handling due to potential pathogens and its tendency to burn plants if applied fresh. When composted properly, manure can be transformed into a safe, effective fertilizer that’s perfect for cannabis.

If this is the route you are going. Ensure that you pile up all the manure together in a big enough pile for it to generate heat. At least a cubic meter in height. Make sure, just like with the quick hot compost that the manure is not too wet, if it is add some dirty, straw or dry leaves to it. Monitoring the pile will be important so having the tools to measure the temperature. Unlike with the Hot compost pile, you need to kill pathogens so avoid touching it with your hands and have a thermometer at hand. Once the pile reaches the ideal temperature, start turning it. Once the entire pile has been turned and left to reach the temperature, has no odor and is blackish in colour it will be ready to use in your gardens.

Composting, How it works

Making Compost Work for Your Cannabis Garden

From hot composting to the innovative Hugelkultur and bokashi methods, composting offers cannabis growers a sustainable, effective way to boost soil health. Creating your own compost is simple, but as your scale increases, it can become time-consuming without efficient tools or systems. However, the results— richer soil, healthier roots, and more robust plants—are well worth the investment.

Taking the time to understand and implement these composting methods is a gift to your cannabis garden. Not only will it enhance the growth of your plants, but it also brings a deep sense of connection to the natural processes that sustain them.

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Integrated Pest Management in a nutshell

integrated pest management

Last week, we explored Korean Natural Farming (KNF) techniques, including how to make Effective Microbe solutions (EM-1) and fermented plant juices. Now, let’s dive into how these methods, along with an effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system, can protect your cannabis plants from pests naturally.

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Cannabis?

Simply put, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a proactive, eco-friendly approach to pest control that revolves around protecting your cannabis plants throughout their growing period. Rather than relying on harsh chemicals, IPM combines various strategies, including companion planting, beneficial insects, natural sprays, and preventive measures. This holistic system prioritizes plant health, reduces environmental damage, and helps build long-term resilience in your garden.

Now don’t get me wrong. Some farmers today still rely on the use of pesticides and harsh insecticides in order to solve their pest issues. As effective as they are, we have learnt and have seen the damaging effects on the water, soil and health of people this has had. So please pardon me that I don’t discuss things like Pyrol, Eco oil SK etc. I am not against the use of these compounds as I have used them in the past and still make use of some of them when I really need to. An example of this would be Potassium Scilicate. An inorganic compound that is apart of my IPM and I will explain why later.

Integrated Pest Management

Getting Started with Companion Planting: The Foundation of IPM

One of the simplest and most effective ways to begin your IPM journey is by incorporating companion plants. Cannabis, while valuable to humans, is also highly attractive to pests. Companion planting can help deter harmful insects while attracting beneficial ones. Your garden will thrive once you have a balance in nature. So with this, there needs to be a sense of awareness from the farmer that there will be pests but there will also be predators. And having a balance is what we are aiming for. 

Popular companion plants for cannabis include:

Marigolds: Known to repel nematodes and aphids.
Garlic and onions: Their strong scent drives away many insects.
Basil and mint: These herbs repel flies and mosquitoes while enhancing flavor when grown near cannabis.
Chamomile and lemon balm: Attracts beneficial pollinators while repelling pests like aphids.

These plants not only assist with pest control but can also be used to create fermented plant juices or Oriental Herbal Nutrients (OHN) for plant health, utilising your EM-1 solutions.

integrated Pest Management

Introducing Natural Predators: Your Garden’s Tiny Guardians

While companion planting lays a solid foundation, introducing beneficial insects can take your IPM strategy to the next level. These insects act as your garden’s natural pest controllers, maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Here are a few garden-friendly bugs you’ll want to invite:

Ladybugs: These beetles are aphid-eating machines.
Lacewings: Both adults and larvae feed on a variety of soft-bodied pests like caterpillars and aphids.
Praying Mantises: These predators will consume just about any insect they can catch, including larger pests.
Parasitic Wasps: Though tiny, these wasps play a crucial role in pest control by laying their eggs inside destructive insects.

To ensure these beneficial insects stick around, provide them with food, water, and shelter. Companion plants like chamomile and basil create the perfect habitat for these valuable predators. Another solution can also be to buy them as you need or see fit. The predator insect market has boomed over the last 5 years opening up once an agricultural elite IPM treatment to the average Joe like you and I. Companies like Koppert have done an amazing job by even offering pheromones for specific insect trapping too.

integrated pest management

Preventive Measures: Building a Strong Defense

Prevention is key when it comes to pest management. It sometimes can seem extreme to take action on something that doesn’t require any work. But when it comes to your cannabis. This approach is best. Just the basics in garden ethics can also be considered being proactive.

Proper Sanitation: Regularly clean your growing area, removing dead leaves, debris, and any infected plants to reduce the risk of pest infestations. A clean grow area will do more than just look good to the eye. It will help reduce risk of mould and diseases.

Regular Inspections: Make daily inspections a habit. Catching pests early can prevent a full-scale infestation. But also take note. That seeing One or two of something doesn’t always call for an intervention. So while inspecting be aware of the sizes of the things you see and learn what is too much. You don’t want to wait till things are overboard before you intevine. 

Quarantine New Plants: Always quarantine any new plants before introducing them to your main garden to avoid cross-contamination. This is something you must consider when bringing clones in from a new space to plants already in your space. It is normally advised to seperate them and treat the new plants before bringing them into the fold.

Natural Sprays and Solutions: These are usually things that can take long to take effect compared to an insecticide like Pyrol. But consider adding an amazing KNF solution called JADAM wetting agent to your solutions of oriental herbal nutrients. Jadam as been proven to suffocate insects and because of its properties allows for better application of all sprays and solutions.

integrated pest management

If pests do make an appearance, you can fight back with natural solutions that are safe for both your plants and the environment. Here are a few simple DIY recipes you can try:

Neem Oil Spray: Mix 1 teaspoon of neem oil and ½ teaspoon of liquid soap with 1 quart of warm water. This all-purpose spray combats a wide range of pests like aphids, spider mites, and whiteflies.

Garlic-Pepper Spray: Blend 2 hot peppers and 1 whole bulb of garlic with 1 quart of water. Strain and spray this mixture to deter insects like caterpillars, aphids, and beetles.

Diatomaceous Earth: This powder, made from fossilized algae, works by physically damaging the exoskeletons of crawling insects. Dust it around your plants for effective pest control.

AQ sf (Ampelomyces Quisqualis): an Indigenous fungal isolate to South Africa, and a hyper parasite to the common Powdery Mildew. Mixed in with a water or JADAM solution.

Potassium Silicate: Fills the cellular gaps within the plant wall structure, allowing for a more robust in-the-wind plant as well as a plant with tougher skin for insects to bite into. As well as making it extremely undesirable for fungus to thrive, so it also takes care of powdery mildew.

Creating Your IPM Schedule: Consistency is Key

A successful IPM system requires regular maintenance and monitoring. You can easily avoid massive issues by just doing the following:

Daily: Perform visual inspections of your plants for any signs of pests or disease.

Weekly: Apply preventive sprays, rotating between different natural solutions to avoid resistance.

Bi-weekly: If you’re using beneficial insects, release them into your garden at this frequency.

Monthly: Conduct a deep clean of your grow room or garden area to reduce pest hiding spots.

Integrated Pest Management is more than just controlling pests—it’s about building a sustainable ecosystem that promotes plant health and resilience. Your Will will be tested as a grower every season. Pests and diseases are often what collapse what seemed to be a perfect grow. So take the time to develop your IPM based on the previous season’s experience. And if you are brand new, take time to go into your garden and assess what is going on. Are there any issues already and what can you do to take measures against it now before you grow your cannabis in the space? A strong IPM strategy not only ensures a bountiful harvest today but sets you up for success in future growing seasons.

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Fermented Plant and Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice

As promised, this week I willl be giving some awesome recipes that you can make at home to incorporate into your fertigation regimint and start a full Korean Natural Farming Journey. Before I can just list down a bunch of recipes we need to continue some of the discussion on KNF, so if you havent checked out last weeks blog on Korean Natural Farming, I highly suggest you start there. And for those that haven’t been following along, these blogs are apart of a larger ‘How to Grow’ series in which I will be providing insightful concepts to consider during this growing season.

The first spring rain has fallen this week. Such an amazing time for us Growers. The first rain does more than just bring in the season’s grow metaphorically. The first rain for the season has been proven to activate life and the soil food web as a whole. Many bacteria and fungi will lay dormant and wait for the rain. So when people usually ask me when I plant I normally say after the first rain. When considering Soil conditioning as a whole. The first rain really produces and activates all that you have prepped in your soil prior. The mineral content from the rain is usually exactly what you were lacking… So embrace this first rain. 

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

FPJ and FFJ are natural fertilizers made from the fermentation of specific plant materials to feed growing plants during different stages of their life cycles. FPJs are made from young vigorous growing plants with lots of growth hormones and enzymes to feed vegging plants. While FFJs are made from the fruits of plants for their natural sugars, amino acids, and plant growth regulating enzymes and hormones to feed flowering plants. The process involves collecting fresh and healthy plant parts, such as leaves, stems, shoots and fruits, and fermenting them to extract the beneficial properties into a water-soluble plant available solution.

It is extremely simple yet so effective. All you need is brown sugar, a decent glass jar with a big opening(which makes things easier), a scale and some basic kitchen utensils. Oh, and a cloth or breathable towel to cover the glass with.

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Collecting Plant Material

For FPJ gather fresh and healthy plants early in the morning when morning dew is still present. Look for things like weeds that grow big fast and are tolerant to a wide range of temperatures or weather patterns like floods or droughts. The enzymes, hormones and microbial life in and on these plants helping them thrive is what we are after. When collecting plant material, remember that young shoots have the highest levels of these plant growth hormones. A few plants that can be used here in South Africa, Alfalfa, comfrey, Gooseberry, and Banana. In the picture above I used clover, it was the over crop under the canopy that grew to thick. It’s essential to use plants that are free from diseases and pests and to not wash the microbial life off the plant material.

FFJs are made the same way as FPJs but it may be a little harder to come by natural growing fruit in your area. Do a little research on the nutrient density of different fruits to see what fruits or veggies you can grow in the garden that will make good natural fertilizers. Using craps of fruits are just as effective. Banana peels, watermelon rind etc… Ensure that you make your FFJ according to the nutrient boost you wish to give your plants.  The doing your research part is so important. You will also be surprised how many veg and fruit you already have going to waste that could be used to ferment for your plants and garden as a whole. 

Chopping and Mixing

Chop the collected plant material into smaller pieces for more surface area coverage then mix with equal parts by weight brown sugar. This helps in breaking down the cell wall of the plant material creating osmotic pressure and releasing juices packed full of the plants beneficial properties. I have seen a method, using a 20L plastic bucket a few holes at the bottom.You chop and mix your plant material or fruits and once you place it in the bucket you add a brick ontop of it. This will apply pressure and also allow the juices to separate out of the bucket.

Fermentation

Place the chopped plant material/brown sugar mix in a container and cover with a sugar cap. Then cover container loosely with something breathable like a clean shirt, rag or paper towel to keep bugs out. Allow it to undergo natural fermentation. This process encourages the growth of beneficial microorganisms and the breakdown of plant materials.

Here are some things I would recommend you ferment for your garden. Note, that there are different ways to skin a cat. Each one of these things have its own benefits but can also be used in synergy with other ferments. 

Alfalfa – Unlocking nutrients and growth hormones such as Triacontanol which can improve growth, yield, root formation, photosynthesis, uptake of water and nutrients, nitrogen-fixation and enzyme activities.

Bamboo/young cannabis plants –  rich in nutrients, can improve soil conditions and possess many medicinal properties. Due to the fast-growing nature of young plants, they are often high in auxins and cytokines, hormones involved with growth and vigour. 

Lactic Acid Bacteria – Amazing for soil conditioning, plant health and overall immune of the plant.

Dilution and Application

Before using, dilute FPJ or FFJ with water. Typically, a dilution ratio of 1:500 or 1:1000 is recommended. This means mixing 1 part FPJ or FFJ with 500 or 1000 parts water (1ml per L / 3.7ml per gal or 2ml per L / 7.4 ml per gal). After 6 months use at a higher dilution rate. The diluted FPJ or FFJ can be applied as a foliar spray or added to the soil to provide readily available food to plants and microbial life.

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Other Fermentations and Recipes.

Some ferments focus purely on fungal growth. Similar to our discussion last week on IMO. Cannabis thrives in both bacteria and fungal soil. So to have a balance is of utmost importance. Here are other things you can consider making to increase your fungal count in the soil. Corn Sprouted Tea, Bokashi Bran and Compost tea without molasses, also will increase your fungal count. 

You can also make your own effective Microbes. Go to your compost heap. Dig out some from the middle section that is nice and warm. Place this in a breathable cloth or bag… Slowly run water through the bag. The slower you can trickle the water the stronger the collection of microbes will be. You want to only collect a small amount of dark liquid.

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Do the following

Use L distilled water, and pour out double the amount you have collected from the the compost, the leach. Add the leach and an equal amount of molasses to the distilled water. Close the cap. Let it ferment and open the cap once a day to let gas out. In 4 days you will have EM-1, which can be used to quicker enhance your teas or fermentations.  EM can also be used as part of the integrated pest management(IPM) something we will discuss very soon too. 

In conclusion

It is important to note when you are adding your fertilizer to the plants. During the very early veg stages compost teas, fermented plant juices and fruit juices should not be necessary. If you find yourself having to ‘feed’ young plants, then you should consider taking extra time to prepare the soil first. In your first month of growing cannabis from seed or clone. It is easy to overfeed and give too much. Sometimes it’s better to wait. Less is always more. 

But once you understand when and what to fertilise your plants with. Brewing and fermenting your own fertilizer seems like a no-brainer.

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Korean Natural Farming

Korean natural farming

As we go deeper down the rabbit hole this grow season. I will continue to discuss concepts and ideas to consider that will help you as a grower this year. But this week I want to interject with an important nutrient conversation. One that is one of my personal favourite growing methodologies as an organic grower. If you haven’t heard of it or want to give it a go. Have a dive into this week’s topic, Korean Natural Farming. 

Korean Natural Farming uses methods that observe the laws of nature and utilize natural materials and products. It is based on the principle of interdependence among all living things. It aims to have a nurturing impact on the environment, in sharp contrast to the disadvantageous effects that often accompany modernized and commercialized agriculture. The observance of the natural cycle and environment-friendly agricultural practices applied in a modern setting refreshes the established perspectives on farming and provides an alternative to technology-intensive agriculture.

How Korean Natural Farming Began

Korean Natural Farming (KNF) was developed by Dr. Cho Han Kyu at the Janong Natural Farming Institute in South Korea. It was originally intended to change the chemical-based and harmful farming methods that were being practised in South Korea. Together with like-minded farmers, he converted his lifelong studies and his own experiences into an innovative farming system that not only promotes respect and care for the environment but also produces more with less cost and labour. KNF Farming recognises the abundance of nature and utilizes indigenous resources for production. Its basic philosophy is to maximize the inborn potential of a life form and its harmony with the environment by not interfering with its growth and development or forcing the crops to yield more than what they can. KNF Farmers believe that the best way to achieve top-quality yield is to respect the nature of life. 

The Methodology

The KNF methodology is based on the Nutritive Cycle Theory, which guides the KNF Farmer on what inputs to apply, how much and how often. Korean Natural Farming applies the principle of interdependence in which people should nurture, instead of surmounting it or undermining it. KNF Farming is also envisioned so as to contribute to the alleviation of poverty, disease and environmental destruction by providing an alternative means of livelihood and food production. 

As a farming method that goes back to basics using materials from nature and without force or chemicals. KNF Farming guarantees its farmers healthy and strong products needed to provide for their families and society. KNF respecting the natural cycle of life is more than a farming technique. It is a philosophy, a new economics and a way of life.

Strengths and Benefits 

Environment-Friendly: Its inputs are made from natural materials, protecting the crops from harmful chemicals used as fertilisers in modern agriculture. In livestock raising, Natural Farming is considered a revolutionary breakthrough, accomplishing the dream method of “Zero emission”. No wastewater is emitted. Also, wastes are recycled and converted to resources. 

HigherYield: It strictly follows the Nutritive Cycle Theory, using accurate amounts of substances at the precise moment, nourishing the soil with the right amounts of nutrients when the plants need it. Hence why we discussed in our previous blogs how important it is to test your soil. Here is a link to Kaya Farms, they are local and have an amazing team.

Low Cost: It helps lessen the farmers’ financial burden with the use of homemade materials and making use of resources from the farm. Often recipes call for leftovers like rice or kitchen scraps. Making it ideal for those looking to produce something from nothing too.

High Quality: Better-quality crops and livestock is the result of the non-usage of chemicals that are harmful to their production as well as the environment.  This has been proven many times since 2011. From increased terpenes to more natural expressive flowers. KNF inputs are superior when done in sync.

Adaptable: KNF can be replicated in any region of ingredients and products used. All areas are unique and this allows for a more eco-friendly nutrient cycle for the plants. Ingredients can be substituted as long as the core ingredients are being respected. 

User Friendly: Methods are free of toxic and poisonous chemicals, which are dangerous to a user’s health. With Natural Farming, farmers cultivate their own substances that truly provide the nutrients to the crops and animals, it also helps without harming the plants, animals and humans. 

Respect for Life: Natural Farming gives utmost respect and care to the crops and animals following the natural cycle of life. Better productivity and even better harvest can be made when one nurses and gives attention to the environment. 

Korean natural farming

The Nutritive Cycle Theory

The Nutritive Cycle Theory states that plants and livestock need different nutrients during different stages of growth. Like humans, plants also need different kinds of food at different stages. Just as a baby can only eat baby food, young plants or animals can only be fed with nutrients that are appropriate for their age. The Nutritive Cycle guides farmers in obtaining the best results from their crops and avoiding disease to their crops through proper nutrient management. The Growth and development of a plant takes a certain course along with the passage of time. All crops go through the stages of growth according to the qualitative changes that occur and mature with flowering and fruiting.

Importance of IMO

KNF produces a good yield when the land cultivated has an excellent soil condition for crops. Microorganisms play an important role in making soil good for growing plants. These microorganisms can also be collected and cultured. Natural Farming promotes the use of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs). 

The microorganisms that have been living in the local area for a long time are best for farming because they are very powerful and effective. They have survived and can survive the extreme climatic conditions of the local environment much better than artificially produced microorganisms, which are cultured in some foreign or artificial environment. And since they are already available in the field, they are considered the best inputs for conditioning the land. 

Organisms that are found under the heat of the sun are largely different than those found in shaded areas such as under bamboo trees. Dr. Cho and Dr. Elaine Ingham from the Soil Food Web advocate that it is better to culture microorganisms from different areas in order to collect different kinds of microorganisms (Microbial Diversity).

Korean Natural Farming Inputs

It is also good to culture microorganisms at different weather conditions and to mix different types of microorganisms. In “Non-Chemical” agriculture practices we do not feed the plant. We nurture the soil and the soil nurtures the plant through the IMOs. Microorganisms have two major functions in farming:

Microorganisms decompose complex organic compounds such as dead bodies of plants and animals and wastes into nutrients, making them easily absorbable by plants.

They can create compounds such as antibiotic substances, enzymes and lactic acids that can suppress various diseases and promote healthy soil conditions.

Korean natural farming

Here is how I go about making IMO

It is best to use leftover rice. This will ensure that the rice is not soft or sticky. Rice is placed in a ‘wooden box’ with small holes in the bottom – I normally use a cardboard box. You want to avoid using plastic or glass. 

The box is covered with a paper towel. And that is your basic set-up. 

Now all that needs to be done is, you have to take your box to an identified fugi dominant area. Usual forestry, old growth woods areas are ideal. A place in which decomposing of plant material is happening naturally, where leaves fall from the trees. You want to look for the best place in the shade and place the box in between the organic matter. 

A small collection of sticks and leaves with mycelium attached are laid gently over top of the paper towel—a handful will do.

This rice box is then covered with a tarp and left for 3 to 7 days depending on the temperature (less time in warmer periods), or until mycelium and other microbial populations have colonized the rice in the form of white hyphae spreading through it. The rice should look like a fungus cake almost.

This is what KNF practitioners call IMO-1 (the first stage of IMO). The rice and “mold” is then weighed and mixed together with brown sugar. This sugar stabilizes the microbes, essentially sending them into an arrested state (called IMO-2) where they can easily be woken back up again. Then it is mixed with rice bran or some other carbonaceous material in low piles and lightly composted to enliven the indigenous microorganisms (which makes IMO-3). That mixture is then added to soil and composted at low temperatures again (IMO-4), which itself can be diluted and sprayed on fields or added to a compost pile or woodchips to be composted a third time (making the final IMO-5).

All of these preparations have multiple uses, and KNF deals with more than just soil. There is a whole side to the practice that deals directly with the plants. As stated above, adding the right nutrient at the right time is a critical part of KNF. For instance, Cho recommends a water-soluble calcium (abbreviated WS-CA, made from toasted egg shells and vinegar) at several different stages including “the cross-over period when the growth of crop changes from vegetative to reproductive growth.” Most of the preparations have a multitude of applications and are shelf-stable for months if not years of utility. So even if a little money is needed for brown sugar or rice, that investment theoretically pays back for many years to come.

Korean natural Farming

How to utilize IMO

 In order to be effective, use IMOs continuously. Since IMOs are used to make soil fertile and healthy, these should be collected and prepared as the season progresses each year. In order to bring about continued results. IMOs must be maintained in the soil. Avoid being choosy in collecting microorganisms. Instead, microorganisms from different environments should be collected and mixed. It is recommended to collect IMOs from all four directions of the field. We can also collect microbes from mountains, summits, valleys and trenches.

Personally, I prepare IMO and store it as IMO-2 only before and in the middle of my growth cycles do I then apply it. So I only really make as much as I need for the amount of plants I am growing. Whatever is left is added into the compost teas later on in the cycle. So during the transition period of the plants I culture different IMOs again.

After farming KNF it is hard to change direction back. This has been my findings. There is so much more to be said on IMO alone. But for now, I will leave it here. Next week I will give a list of my top KNF recipes and how you should consider going about making your own nutrients. In the meantime, use this method to create your own IMO culture in your grow space and step into the world of real organic farming