Tag: organics

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Fermented Plant and Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice

As promised, this week I willl be giving some awesome recipes that you can make at home to incorporate into your fertigation regimint and start a full Korean Natural Farming Journey. Before I can just list down a bunch of recipes we need to continue some of the discussion on KNF, so if you havent checked out last weeks blog on Korean Natural Farming, I highly suggest you start there. And for those that haven’t been following along, these blogs are apart of a larger ‘How to Grow’ series in which I will be providing insightful concepts to consider during this growing season.

The first spring rain has fallen this week. Such an amazing time for us Growers. The first rain does more than just bring in the season’s grow metaphorically. The first rain for the season has been proven to activate life and the soil food web as a whole. Many bacteria and fungi will lay dormant and wait for the rain. So when people usually ask me when I plant I normally say after the first rain. When considering Soil conditioning as a whole. The first rain really produces and activates all that you have prepped in your soil prior. The mineral content from the rain is usually exactly what you were lacking… So embrace this first rain. 

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

FPJ and FFJ are natural fertilizers made from the fermentation of specific plant materials to feed growing plants during different stages of their life cycles. FPJs are made from young vigorous growing plants with lots of growth hormones and enzymes to feed vegging plants. While FFJs are made from the fruits of plants for their natural sugars, amino acids, and plant growth regulating enzymes and hormones to feed flowering plants. The process involves collecting fresh and healthy plant parts, such as leaves, stems, shoots and fruits, and fermenting them to extract the beneficial properties into a water-soluble plant available solution.

It is extremely simple yet so effective. All you need is brown sugar, a decent glass jar with a big opening(which makes things easier), a scale and some basic kitchen utensils. Oh, and a cloth or breathable towel to cover the glass with.

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Collecting Plant Material

For FPJ gather fresh and healthy plants early in the morning when morning dew is still present. Look for things like weeds that grow big fast and are tolerant to a wide range of temperatures or weather patterns like floods or droughts. The enzymes, hormones and microbial life in and on these plants helping them thrive is what we are after. When collecting plant material, remember that young shoots have the highest levels of these plant growth hormones. A few plants that can be used here in South Africa, Alfalfa, comfrey, Gooseberry, and Banana. In the picture above I used clover, it was the over crop under the canopy that grew to thick. It’s essential to use plants that are free from diseases and pests and to not wash the microbial life off the plant material.

FFJs are made the same way as FPJs but it may be a little harder to come by natural growing fruit in your area. Do a little research on the nutrient density of different fruits to see what fruits or veggies you can grow in the garden that will make good natural fertilizers. Using craps of fruits are just as effective. Banana peels, watermelon rind etc… Ensure that you make your FFJ according to the nutrient boost you wish to give your plants.  The doing your research part is so important. You will also be surprised how many veg and fruit you already have going to waste that could be used to ferment for your plants and garden as a whole. 

Chopping and Mixing

Chop the collected plant material into smaller pieces for more surface area coverage then mix with equal parts by weight brown sugar. This helps in breaking down the cell wall of the plant material creating osmotic pressure and releasing juices packed full of the plants beneficial properties. I have seen a method, using a 20L plastic bucket a few holes at the bottom.You chop and mix your plant material or fruits and once you place it in the bucket you add a brick ontop of it. This will apply pressure and also allow the juices to separate out of the bucket.

Fermentation

Place the chopped plant material/brown sugar mix in a container and cover with a sugar cap. Then cover container loosely with something breathable like a clean shirt, rag or paper towel to keep bugs out. Allow it to undergo natural fermentation. This process encourages the growth of beneficial microorganisms and the breakdown of plant materials.

Here are some things I would recommend you ferment for your garden. Note, that there are different ways to skin a cat. Each one of these things have its own benefits but can also be used in synergy with other ferments. 

Alfalfa – Unlocking nutrients and growth hormones such as Triacontanol which can improve growth, yield, root formation, photosynthesis, uptake of water and nutrients, nitrogen-fixation and enzyme activities.

Bamboo/young cannabis plants –  rich in nutrients, can improve soil conditions and possess many medicinal properties. Due to the fast-growing nature of young plants, they are often high in auxins and cytokines, hormones involved with growth and vigour. 

Lactic Acid Bacteria – Amazing for soil conditioning, plant health and overall immune of the plant.

Dilution and Application

Before using, dilute FPJ or FFJ with water. Typically, a dilution ratio of 1:500 or 1:1000 is recommended. This means mixing 1 part FPJ or FFJ with 500 or 1000 parts water (1ml per L / 3.7ml per gal or 2ml per L / 7.4 ml per gal). After 6 months use at a higher dilution rate. The diluted FPJ or FFJ can be applied as a foliar spray or added to the soil to provide readily available food to plants and microbial life.

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Other Fermentations and Recipes.

Some ferments focus purely on fungal growth. Similar to our discussion last week on IMO. Cannabis thrives in both bacteria and fungal soil. So to have a balance is of utmost importance. Here are other things you can consider making to increase your fungal count in the soil. Corn Sprouted Tea, Bokashi Bran and Compost tea without molasses, also will increase your fungal count. 

You can also make your own effective Microbes. Go to your compost heap. Dig out some from the middle section that is nice and warm. Place this in a breathable cloth or bag… Slowly run water through the bag. The slower you can trickle the water the stronger the collection of microbes will be. You want to only collect a small amount of dark liquid.

Fermented Plant & Fruit Juice (FPJ and FFJ)

Do the following

Use L distilled water, and pour out double the amount you have collected from the the compost, the leach. Add the leach and an equal amount of molasses to the distilled water. Close the cap. Let it ferment and open the cap once a day to let gas out. In 4 days you will have EM-1, which can be used to quicker enhance your teas or fermentations.  EM can also be used as part of the integrated pest management(IPM) something we will discuss very soon too. 

In conclusion

It is important to note when you are adding your fertilizer to the plants. During the very early veg stages compost teas, fermented plant juices and fruit juices should not be necessary. If you find yourself having to ‘feed’ young plants, then you should consider taking extra time to prepare the soil first. In your first month of growing cannabis from seed or clone. It is easy to overfeed and give too much. Sometimes it’s better to wait. Less is always more. 

But once you understand when and what to fertilise your plants with. Brewing and fermenting your own fertilizer seems like a no-brainer.

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Korean Natural Farming

Korean natural farming

As we go deeper down the rabbit hole this grow season. I will continue to discuss concepts and ideas to consider that will help you as a grower this year. But this week I want to interject with an important nutrient conversation. One that is one of my personal favourite growing methodologies as an organic grower. If you haven’t heard of it or want to give it a go. Have a dive into this week’s topic, Korean Natural Farming. 

Korean Natural Farming uses methods that observe the laws of nature and utilize natural materials and products. It is based on the principle of interdependence among all living things. It aims to have a nurturing impact on the environment, in sharp contrast to the disadvantageous effects that often accompany modernized and commercialized agriculture. The observance of the natural cycle and environment-friendly agricultural practices applied in a modern setting refreshes the established perspectives on farming and provides an alternative to technology-intensive agriculture.

How Korean Natural Farming Began

Korean Natural Farming (KNF) was developed by Dr. Cho Han Kyu at the Janong Natural Farming Institute in South Korea. It was originally intended to change the chemical-based and harmful farming methods that were being practised in South Korea. Together with like-minded farmers, he converted his lifelong studies and his own experiences into an innovative farming system that not only promotes respect and care for the environment but also produces more with less cost and labour. KNF Farming recognises the abundance of nature and utilizes indigenous resources for production. Its basic philosophy is to maximize the inborn potential of a life form and its harmony with the environment by not interfering with its growth and development or forcing the crops to yield more than what they can. KNF Farmers believe that the best way to achieve top-quality yield is to respect the nature of life. 

The Methodology

The KNF methodology is based on the Nutritive Cycle Theory, which guides the KNF Farmer on what inputs to apply, how much and how often. Korean Natural Farming applies the principle of interdependence in which people should nurture, instead of surmounting it or undermining it. KNF Farming is also envisioned so as to contribute to the alleviation of poverty, disease and environmental destruction by providing an alternative means of livelihood and food production. 

As a farming method that goes back to basics using materials from nature and without force or chemicals. KNF Farming guarantees its farmers healthy and strong products needed to provide for their families and society. KNF respecting the natural cycle of life is more than a farming technique. It is a philosophy, a new economics and a way of life.

Strengths and Benefits 

Environment-Friendly: Its inputs are made from natural materials, protecting the crops from harmful chemicals used as fertilisers in modern agriculture. In livestock raising, Natural Farming is considered a revolutionary breakthrough, accomplishing the dream method of “Zero emission”. No wastewater is emitted. Also, wastes are recycled and converted to resources. 

HigherYield: It strictly follows the Nutritive Cycle Theory, using accurate amounts of substances at the precise moment, nourishing the soil with the right amounts of nutrients when the plants need it. Hence why we discussed in our previous blogs how important it is to test your soil. Here is a link to Kaya Farms, they are local and have an amazing team.

Low Cost: It helps lessen the farmers’ financial burden with the use of homemade materials and making use of resources from the farm. Often recipes call for leftovers like rice or kitchen scraps. Making it ideal for those looking to produce something from nothing too.

High Quality: Better-quality crops and livestock is the result of the non-usage of chemicals that are harmful to their production as well as the environment.  This has been proven many times since 2011. From increased terpenes to more natural expressive flowers. KNF inputs are superior when done in sync.

Adaptable: KNF can be replicated in any region of ingredients and products used. All areas are unique and this allows for a more eco-friendly nutrient cycle for the plants. Ingredients can be substituted as long as the core ingredients are being respected. 

User Friendly: Methods are free of toxic and poisonous chemicals, which are dangerous to a user’s health. With Natural Farming, farmers cultivate their own substances that truly provide the nutrients to the crops and animals, it also helps without harming the plants, animals and humans. 

Respect for Life: Natural Farming gives utmost respect and care to the crops and animals following the natural cycle of life. Better productivity and even better harvest can be made when one nurses and gives attention to the environment. 

Korean natural farming

The Nutritive Cycle Theory

The Nutritive Cycle Theory states that plants and livestock need different nutrients during different stages of growth. Like humans, plants also need different kinds of food at different stages. Just as a baby can only eat baby food, young plants or animals can only be fed with nutrients that are appropriate for their age. The Nutritive Cycle guides farmers in obtaining the best results from their crops and avoiding disease to their crops through proper nutrient management. The Growth and development of a plant takes a certain course along with the passage of time. All crops go through the stages of growth according to the qualitative changes that occur and mature with flowering and fruiting.

Importance of IMO

KNF produces a good yield when the land cultivated has an excellent soil condition for crops. Microorganisms play an important role in making soil good for growing plants. These microorganisms can also be collected and cultured. Natural Farming promotes the use of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs). 

The microorganisms that have been living in the local area for a long time are best for farming because they are very powerful and effective. They have survived and can survive the extreme climatic conditions of the local environment much better than artificially produced microorganisms, which are cultured in some foreign or artificial environment. And since they are already available in the field, they are considered the best inputs for conditioning the land. 

Organisms that are found under the heat of the sun are largely different than those found in shaded areas such as under bamboo trees. Dr. Cho and Dr. Elaine Ingham from the Soil Food Web advocate that it is better to culture microorganisms from different areas in order to collect different kinds of microorganisms (Microbial Diversity).

Korean Natural Farming Inputs

It is also good to culture microorganisms at different weather conditions and to mix different types of microorganisms. In “Non-Chemical” agriculture practices we do not feed the plant. We nurture the soil and the soil nurtures the plant through the IMOs. Microorganisms have two major functions in farming:

Microorganisms decompose complex organic compounds such as dead bodies of plants and animals and wastes into nutrients, making them easily absorbable by plants.

They can create compounds such as antibiotic substances, enzymes and lactic acids that can suppress various diseases and promote healthy soil conditions.

Korean natural farming

Here is how I go about making IMO

It is best to use leftover rice. This will ensure that the rice is not soft or sticky. Rice is placed in a ‘wooden box’ with small holes in the bottom – I normally use a cardboard box. You want to avoid using plastic or glass. 

The box is covered with a paper towel. And that is your basic set-up. 

Now all that needs to be done is, you have to take your box to an identified fugi dominant area. Usual forestry, old growth woods areas are ideal. A place in which decomposing of plant material is happening naturally, where leaves fall from the trees. You want to look for the best place in the shade and place the box in between the organic matter. 

A small collection of sticks and leaves with mycelium attached are laid gently over top of the paper towel—a handful will do.

This rice box is then covered with a tarp and left for 3 to 7 days depending on the temperature (less time in warmer periods), or until mycelium and other microbial populations have colonized the rice in the form of white hyphae spreading through it. The rice should look like a fungus cake almost.

This is what KNF practitioners call IMO-1 (the first stage of IMO). The rice and “mold” is then weighed and mixed together with brown sugar. This sugar stabilizes the microbes, essentially sending them into an arrested state (called IMO-2) where they can easily be woken back up again. Then it is mixed with rice bran or some other carbonaceous material in low piles and lightly composted to enliven the indigenous microorganisms (which makes IMO-3). That mixture is then added to soil and composted at low temperatures again (IMO-4), which itself can be diluted and sprayed on fields or added to a compost pile or woodchips to be composted a third time (making the final IMO-5).

All of these preparations have multiple uses, and KNF deals with more than just soil. There is a whole side to the practice that deals directly with the plants. As stated above, adding the right nutrient at the right time is a critical part of KNF. For instance, Cho recommends a water-soluble calcium (abbreviated WS-CA, made from toasted egg shells and vinegar) at several different stages including “the cross-over period when the growth of crop changes from vegetative to reproductive growth.” Most of the preparations have a multitude of applications and are shelf-stable for months if not years of utility. So even if a little money is needed for brown sugar or rice, that investment theoretically pays back for many years to come.

Korean natural Farming

How to utilize IMO

 In order to be effective, use IMOs continuously. Since IMOs are used to make soil fertile and healthy, these should be collected and prepared as the season progresses each year. In order to bring about continued results. IMOs must be maintained in the soil. Avoid being choosy in collecting microorganisms. Instead, microorganisms from different environments should be collected and mixed. It is recommended to collect IMOs from all four directions of the field. We can also collect microbes from mountains, summits, valleys and trenches.

Personally, I prepare IMO and store it as IMO-2 only before and in the middle of my growth cycles do I then apply it. So I only really make as much as I need for the amount of plants I am growing. Whatever is left is added into the compost teas later on in the cycle. So during the transition period of the plants I culture different IMOs again.

After farming KNF it is hard to change direction back. This has been my findings. There is so much more to be said on IMO alone. But for now, I will leave it here. Next week I will give a list of my top KNF recipes and how you should consider going about making your own nutrients. In the meantime, use this method to create your own IMO culture in your grow space and step into the world of real organic farming

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Organic or Synthetic Nutrients: Which should you use?

Organic or synthetic nutrients

This week we will discuss Organic and synthetic nutrients. What the strengths and weaknesses of them are and how you can go about deciding which is best for you. When it comes to deciding and sticking to a nutrient regimen I have seen so many growers fall short of what they have planned for their grow seasons. Before you can decide, it is advised that you understand the basics of the fertigation regiment and how it will impact your growing methodology, scale and overall outcome of the flower.

Organic Nutrients

The term generally refers to some nutrient in its most natural state or raw form. Things like animal manure, compost, bone meal, seaweed etc. These generally take much longer to break down in the soil and have undergone little to no chemical processing. Some organic nutrients use fermentation to make nutrients more bioavailable to plants and soil food web as a whole.

Organic or Synthetic Nutrients

Advantages of Organic Nutrients:

Soil Health and Microbial Life: Organic nutrients support a thriving soil ecosystem by promoting beneficial microbes and fungi. These organisms help break down organic matter into forms that plants can easily absorb, creating a living soil environment. This results in healthier plants and a more resilient growing medium over time.

Flavour and Aroma: Many growers believe that using organic nutrients enhances the natural flavour and aroma of cannabis. Since organic growing mimics a plant’s natural environment, it often leads to a richer terpene profile, which directly impacts the taste and smell of the final product. I have not read any scientific papers on this but Most will swear that organic flower produces better entourage effects. Get in the comment section and let us know your opinion on the matter

Environmental Impact: Organic farming methods are generally more sustainable and environmentally friendly. By using renewable resources and avoiding synthetic chemicals, organic growers contribute to the health of the ecosystem, reducing pollution and soil degradation.

Lower Risk of Nutrient Burn: Organic nutrients are released slowly into the soil, reducing the risk of overfeeding or nutrient burn, a common problem with synthetic fertilizers. This mistake can easily be made by newer growers. But understand that in an organic setting nutrient burn and ‘hot soil’ can absolutely occur just as easily if one is just careless about adding amendments 

Disadvantages of Organic Nutrients:

Slower Nutrient Availability: Since organic nutrients need to be broken down by soil microbes before they can be absorbed by the plant, the effects may be slower compared to synthetic nutrients. This can be a disadvantage if you’re looking for rapid growth or if your plants are showing signs of deficiency that require immediate correction.

Inconsistent Nutrient Levels: Organic materials can vary in nutrient content, making it harder to precisely control the nutrient levels your plants receive. This can sometimes result in deficiencies or imbalances if not managed carefully. Something you need to be ok with. It is only until you create well-rounded soil and do testing to know the optimal level that you will be able to avoid these inconsistencies. Even with all the measures, it is just not as precise as the other method and I think this lack of control can cause growers to waste more money than they realize on things they don’t need but don’t know that they don’t need. 

More Labor-Intensive: Organic growing often requires more effort, from creating and maintaining compost to managing soil health. This can be time-consuming, especially for novice growers.

Organic or Synthetic Nutrients

Synthetic Nutrients – Salts

Synthetic mineral salts go by a few names, such as mineral fertilizers, mineral salts, synthetic fertilizers, synthetic nutrients or chemical fertilizers. As some of its names suggest, it’s not completely made up of natural compounds. It’s also worth noting that synthetic mineral salts are not the same as the likes of table salt or sodium chloride. Salts will react to water used to grow a plant and release its ionic nutrients, such as commonly used calcium nitrate and potassium phosphate. These are ionic compounds that plants love because it provides the necessary nutrients that it need to grow. Compared to organic fertilizers, synthetic mineral salts don’t need microbes or bacteria to mineralize or break down nutritional compounds in order to turn them into plant-available elements. In fact, plants don’t know the difference between organic and inorganic elements or plant food.

Organic or Synthetic Nutrients

Advantages of Synthetic Nutrients:

Immediate Results: Synthetic nutrients are water-soluble and can be quickly absorbed by the plant’s roots, leading to faster growth and quicker recovery from nutrient deficiencies. This makes them ideal for growers who need precise control over their plants’ nutrient intake.

Consistency and Precision: With synthetic nutrients, you know exactly what your plants are getting. They are formulated to deliver exact nutrient ratios, allowing for precise feeding schedules tailored to each stage of growth.

Ease of Use: Synthetic nutrients are generally easier to use. They often come with clear instructions and can be applied directly, without the need for composting or brewing teas. With the right tools, this becomes very simple and manageable. This can often lead to debates over powder or liquid fertilizer being better…

Disadvantages of Synthetic Nutrients:

Impact on Soil Health: Over time, synthetic nutrients can degrade soil health by killing off beneficial microbes and fungi. This can lead to a sterile growing medium that requires ongoing inputs to maintain plant health.

Environmental Concerns: The production and use of synthetic fertilizers contribute to pollution, including runoff into waterways that can harm aquatic life. Additionally, their overuse can lead to soil degradation and a dependency on chemical inputs.

Risk of Overfeeding: Since synthetic nutrients are highly concentrated, there’s a greater risk of overfeeding and nutrient burn. This can damage plants and reduce yields if not carefully monitored.

Carbon-integrated nutrients

An emerging trend in cannabis cultivation, combining the benefits of organic and synthetic nutrients with the added advantage of carbon-based compounds. These nutrients are designed to enhance plant growth by improving nutrient absorption and promoting overall plant health.

Carbon-integrated nutrients incorporate carbon-rich compounds, such as humic acids, fulvic acids, and other organic carbon sources, into the nutrient formula. These compounds act as natural chelators, binding to essential nutrients and making them more available to plants. The integration of carbon in nutrient formulas aims to optimize nutrient uptake, enhance soil structure, and stimulate beneficial microbial activity.

Organic or Synthetic Nutrients

Advantages of Carbon-Integrated Nutrients

Enhanced Nutrient Absorption: Carbon-rich compounds like humic and fulvic acids are known for their ability to chelate nutrients. This means they bind to essential elements, such as iron, magnesium, and calcium, making them more readily available to the plant’s roots. This can lead to improved nutrient uptake, resulting in healthier and more vigorous growth.

Improved Soil Health: Carbon-integrated nutrients contribute to the long-term health of your growing medium. They enhance soil structure by increasing organic matter content, which improves water retention, aeration, and overall soil fertility. This creates an environment that supports healthy root development and a thriving microbial ecosystem.

Stimulates Microbial Activity: The organic carbon in these nutrients acts as a food source for beneficial microbes in the soil. These microbes play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter, cycling nutrients, and protecting plants from pathogens. By promoting a healthy microbial population, carbon-integrated nutrients help create a more resilient and productive growing environment.

Compatibility with Both Organic and Synthetic Systems: Carbon-integrated nutrients can be used in conjunction with both organic and synthetic growing systems. This flexibility allows growers to incorporate the benefits of carbon-based compounds into their existing nutrient regime, whether they’re using organic amendments, synthetic fertilizers, or a combination of both.

Enhanced Plant Stress Tolerance: The presence of carbon-rich compounds can help plants better withstand environmental stresses, such as drought, temperature fluctuations, and nutrient imbalances. This is because carbon compounds can improve water retention in the soil and enhance the plant’s overall resilience.

Disadvantages of Carbon-Integrated Nutrients

Cost: Carbon-integrated nutrients tend to be more expensive than traditional organic or synthetic nutrients due to the added complexity of the formulation. For some growers, especially those operating on a tight budget, this cost may be a significant consideration.

Complexity in Use: While carbon-integrated nutrients offer numerous benefits, they can be more complex to use effectively. Understanding how these nutrients interact with your specific growing medium and environment may require additional knowledge and experience.

Organic or Synthetic Nutrients

How to Choose the Best Fit for Your Needs

Consider Your Growing Goals: If you prioritize sustainability, soil health, and superior flavour, organic nutrients might be the best choice. Organic growing is ideal for those who enjoy the process of nurturing a living soil and are patient with the slower pace of nutrient uptake.

If you’re focused on maximizing yields, achieving rapid growth, and maintaining precise control over your nutrient regime, synthetic nutrients could be more suitable. This option is often preferred by commercial growers or those looking for efficiency and consistency.

Think About Environmental Impact: If reducing your ecological footprint is important, organic growing is the way to go. However, there are ways to mitigate the environmental impact of synthetic nutrients, such as using them sparingly and combining them with organic practices like carbon-integrated nutrient solutions.

Consider the Growing Medium: Organic nutrients work best in soil or organic-based growing mediums that support microbial life. Synthetic nutrients, on the other hand, can be used in a variety of mediums, including hydroponics, where organic options are more limited. 

Most importantly, whatever you decide. Stick to it, too many times growers switch up their nutrient lines and methodologies during a grow cycle causing massive harm. Learn more this season as you grow and you will find that either organic or synthetic nutrients will work for you.

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Understanding Soil: The Foundation Of Outdoor Growing

Understanding Soil

Last week, I wrote about the most basic things you must consider when starting. It was an introduction to what I have determined to be a nuanced “how to” series. I will discuss things to make you more successful in your growing endeavours. There is no one way to skin a cat and there is just so much information so I will do my best during this growing season to stay in the ‘how to’ mode. So for the next few weeks expect nothing but growing content. With that being said. I want to Discuss Soil…

Understanding Soil

Identifying Your Soil Type

For those that will be going into the ground, or in raised beds and pots. It is of utmost importance to take more time prior to the growing season to prepare things. And know what you are working with. If it is your first time growing cannabis this season. You would want to start with identifying your soil type. This will allow you to best prepare the soil towards a more cannabis-friendly growing medium.

The main components of soil are dirt, minerals, organic matter and moisture. So to understand how you can best create amazing living soil, go in your backyard with a spade where you intend to grow and dig some ground up and have a look at it. Is it mainly sand, silt or clay? Is it a mixture?

Here is a picture of a soil triangle I always show people. You want to be in the Loamy centre. So by figuring out where you are, you can work your way towards the centre by adding the other components to your specific situation. If your soil is very clay mix in some sand, silt and organic matter to bring it towards the loamy centre.

Understanding Soil

Sandy Soil: This type is gritty to the touch and drains water quickly, which can be beneficial in preventing root rot. However, it may struggle to retain nutrients, so you’ll need to supplement with organic matter.

Clay Soil: Clay soil is dense and holds onto water and nutrients well, but it can become compacted, making it difficult for roots to penetrate. It also tends to dry out slowly, which can be a problem in wet climates.

Loamy Soil: Often considered the ideal soil type for gardening, loamy soil is a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay. It has good drainage, retains nutrients, and is easy to work with, making it an excellent choice for cannabis cultivation.

Silty Soil: Silty soil has a smooth texture and holds moisture better than sandy soil but may have drainage issues similar to clay soil. It’s rich in nutrients and can be improved with organic matter to enhance its structure.

To determine your soil type, you can perform a simple soil test by taking a small amount of damp soil and rubbing it between your fingers. Sandy soil will feel gritty, clay soil will feel sticky, and loamy soil will feel smooth and crumbly.

Preparing and Improving the Soil

Once you know what you are working with you can start preparing and improving the soil to create the optimal living soil and environment for your cannabis. Keeing in mind that cannabis thrives in equally bacterial and fungal soils it is important to hold a balance when going into preparation for the season.

Understanding Soil

Most home growers will never consider doing a soil test. But it is something I would recommend you do. There are various tools that can also assist in checking the Ph of the soil as well as the moisture content of the soil. These help a lot in determining how many amendments are required. For those that have been growing many seasons, It is something I highly recommend you do. It could save you lots of money during the season. Note that while the soil test can be affordable to some, most places charge for the interpretation of the data. This is where I would recommend you either sharpen your skills or pay the experts. 

Cannabis when grown in a living soil environment, correctly, has many natural buffers for the plants not to have imbalances in nutrients and things like that. But this does not mean that the grower shouldn’t be aware of what is going on too. – check out my piece on ‘pH doesn’t Matter’ for more on that.

Organic matter – This is a staple amendment in all growing. Whether it is compost from chicken or cow manures, food scraps like Bokashi or leaf mould. Organic matter is almost always added to any and all soil types. Sandy soil gets an increase in moisture retention, it helps loosen up clay soils and provides essential nutrients to loamy and silt soil.

Soil Aeration and water retention cannot be overlooked. Heavy clay soil can become water-locked. Adding things like, biochar, sand, perlite and vermiculite will improve drainage and water retention. It will also assist with Cation exchange. Which is essential for nutrient uptake in the plants,

Getting Ready to Plant

Due to the nature of outdoor organic growing. Growers should be proactive in preparation. Ensuring you condition your soil for growing is so important. It is pointless to prepare weeks ahead of time by mixing various things into your soil and then come time to plant, the soil is dry and not conditioned for growing.

Here is how I get all the life in the soil going before I put my cannabis in it. 

After letting the ground sit for a few days after I have amended it. I will add a cover crop to it. Something like red clover. This will start stimulating the soil. The exchanges between the bacteria, fungus and cover crop will start building this essential ecosystem for your cannabis.

Once my cover crop is growing I will start making my own Lactic acid bacteria, which I will pour into the soil too. I will add some earthworms and amend my last piece to the ground. For me, it is important to have a living soil that is actually alive and growing things before you add cannabis to it. I have noticed my cannabis thrives more on these types of grounds. If you disagree, please let me know what you do and how you go about it differently.

Understanding Soil

Mulching the soil will help too. This will help increase moisture retention as well as provide shade to the surface of the soil. Allowing for life to grow on the surface of the soil too. Increasing plant growth and health.

Whether you are transplanting or putting the seed directly into the ground. Make sure you give the ground enough time to break down nutrients from the compost and other amendments. Giving time for cover crops to crop and chop and grow will produce a more mature living soil in which the cannabis will thrive in. The soil food web is very important. A successful organic grower will always put the soil first. As it is the foundation on which the grow revolves around. 

When your soil is prepared and ready to go. Watering with the occasional activated compost tea will do wonders. 

It will make growing a breeze almost.

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Growing Cannabis Outdoors: 7 Things To Consider When Getting Started

Growing Cannabis Outdoors: 7 Things To Consider When Getting Started

Every year, more and more people are exercising their constitutional rights as South Africans to grow their own cannabis. So often hard lessons are learned during the beginning stages that people get discouraged and never pick up growing a little bit of their own medicine for once. So here are 7 basic things to consider before you get started growing cannabis outdoors. 

  1. Assess your Growing Space

The first thing would be to assess and identify the best growing space. You want to find a space that is private and not visible to the public as well as not accessible to everyone. Cannabis is a cash crop and will always remain one. Remember that your available space will determine how many plants you can grow comfortably and which growing methodology to apply. 

It’s great to have cannabis growing and lots of it. Trust me I know… But you have to do your best not to overcrowd your space. This can cause airflow issues, leading to other issues like mould and plant diseases.

growing cannabis outdoors

  1. Evaluate the Grow Environment

Your growing environment is really important. A successful outdoor cultivator will always thank Mother Nature for a brilliant season. And pat himself/herself on the back for when she was tough on them. So consider the following:

Sunlight: We know that cannabis needs light to grow. But consider whether or not your space has enough sunlight and whether or not things like trees, buildings and street lights will influence your identified grow space. You want the most natural light exposure possible with as little obstruction as possible.

growing cannabis outdoors

Protection from the elements: Cannabis is a hardy plant. It has been shown to withstand extreme weather. But this won’t be ideal for Your cannabis. So consider the amount of rain, wind and overall temperature fluctuations the plants will experience. You might want to raise the plants off the floor if things can flood during the summer in your backyard. Just something to consider.

Pests and Pets: Most outdoor grows will be subjected to pests and diseases. It is the grower’s job to be proactive and keep and clean space as well as maintain plant health by having an Integrated pest management system in place. Companion planting, herbicide or bioactive measures can be put in place. Consider your animals, you might want to keep animals such as dogs and cats away from the cannabis plants as pet hairs can get into your flowers. They also can sometimes run around and destroy things… So consider this.

  1. Your Grow Medium

The grow medium you select is of extreme importance. It will help determine the nutrient selection for the grow cycle, your watering schedule and overall plant health and yield capacities.

In-ground vs Containers:

When you grow directly in the ground, the plants are provided with more room for root expansion. Your plants will be in one location which can have its downfalls if the weather was to get out of hand. Growing in containers gives you the ability to move your plants if you have to but also gives you more control over the root zone in general. The size of your root determines the size of your fruits. This is an old phrase that has some truth to it but really isn’t set in stone.

growing cannabis outdoors

Soil vs. Soilless Mediums: 

Soil is up of living organisms, organic material, sand, clay or loam. Is rich in nutrients and can be easier for beginners to manage. The occasional supplement of nutrients in the form of a compost tea can go a long way. Many hardcore organic growers have their own special soil mixture that they make over the years. Giving an extra uniqueness to their growing talents and cannabis as a whole. Soilless mediums like coco-coir and perlite normally are inert, it hold no nutrients. Some more experienced growers prefer this. This gives them the freedom to give the plant what it needs when it needs it. Although Soilless mediums can be treated like soil, it is important to know that it has more in common with hydroponics than it does with organics.

  1. What is your water quality like?

Water not only is essential to growing cannabis but the quality of the water will drastically affect your outcomes. Know where the water is coming from. This alone will make you smarter and more effective at growing dank. Think of the following:

Water Source: Is it rainwater, tap water or are you getting it from a dam or river? Your water source often will have its own set of challenges from pH to mineral content (TDS) and toxicity. Cannabis plants will thrive in water that is kept in check. Every phase of your plants’ life produces better at a different pH. Different nutrient uptakes and all those things are important with the pH. So knowing if you have Hard or soft water will help you in making a decision in filtration or aeration of the water prior to you feeding it to the plants. The better your attention to detail the better your cannabis plant will reward you.

growing cannabis outdoors

Watering Schedule: During the season your water demands will change. Will you be able to adjust your watering schedule and amounts? Soil and Soilless mediums have their own set of challenges when subjected to outdoor weather. Be mindful of this and ensure you can stay on top of this.

  1. Your Budget

We can spend zero rands on a grow and still grow dank. We can spend little bits of money or thousands. This is all determined by your budget and needs. Growing can be simple or complex. Your scale and the quality you wish to achieve will affect your pocket. Know that not everything is free.

Initial Setup Costs: Consider the cost of seeds or clones, Growing containers or even building raised beds, nutrients, grow medium and equipment you will need like pH meters, soil moisture meters etc. Everything adds up. And they add up quickly. So budget ahead of time. See what you can afford and use what you can. Here is what I did when I started. I couldn’t afford a pH meter. So I went to my local fish pet store and bought the liquid pH test kit. It will give you an indication of where you are on the pH scale.

growing cannabis outdoors

Backup Funds: Knowing that things will break and eventually need replacing. You should consider building a fund for your grow to help replace things as the grow is ongoing. YOu will find that many other expenses will pop up for things unexpected. Instead of having it surprise you and take from your day-to-day money. Put a little bit aside for this event. It is bound to happen.

  1. Do you have the Time?

Growing really good cannabis is time-consuming. Like anything else. The more you invest into it the more it can reward you. Be realistic regarding this. Do not expect the best out of the plants if you are not present. 

Time Commitment: You need to water the plants. Monitor them for issues and perform basic clean-up on the plant. If you don’t it will just negatively affect your desired outcomes and cause more issues in the growing cycle. How much time do you really have for all this? Maybe growing all those plants is not gonna work… Start small and grow within your means.

You should set up an almost ritualistic schedule around your plants and your lifestyle. If you have to be somewhere by 8 am… Be in the garden by 7… if you get home at 5 pm… start your monitoring at 6 pm… Make a plan but don’t do nothing.

  1. Are you willing to Adapt?

Growing Cannabis Outdoors is rewarding but it can truly challenge you as a person. Are you tenacious and do you think out of the box? Sometimes you are forced to be creative to help your plants. Sometimes you need to be a scientist to get the best out of your cannabis. Are you capable of this? Or even willing to give it a go?

 

Problem-Solving: Your ability to respond to these challenges will greatly impact the quality of your grow. Whether it’s adjusting to an unexpected cold snap or finding a quick solution to a pest infestation, being adaptable is key.

Learning and Adjusting: Each growing season offers lessons. If something goes wrong, take it as an opportunity to learn and improve your methods for the next season. Your willingness to adapt and evolve will be a major factor in your success.

Growing cannabis outdoors

Starting an outdoor cannabis grow can be an incredibly rewarding experience, but it requires careful planning and consideration of several factors. By taking the time to assess your space, environment, grow medium, water quality, budget, schedule, and adaptability, you’ll set yourself up for a successful growing season. Remember, every grow is a learning experience, so don’t be afraid to make adjustments along the way and learn from your successes and challenges. Happy growing!

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Permaculture: An Overview

Permaculture an overiew

The philosophy and ethics of permaculture form the bedrock upon which the entire discipline stands. Permaculture, a portmanteau of “permanent agriculture” and “permanent culture,” represents a holistic approach to designing environments that emulate the patterns and relationships found in natural ecosystems. Bill Mollison, one of the pioneers of the permaculture movement, introduces this unique approach with a focus on sustainable living, advocating for a shift from exploitative practices to regenerative ones that enhance the well-being of the Earth and its inhabitants.

Permaculture

At the heart of permaculture lies a set of core ethics that guide every action and decision within the framework. The primary ethics of permaculture are Earth Care, People Care, and Fair Share. Earth Care emphasizes the importance of preserving and restoring natural systems, ensuring the health of the planet for future generations. People Care focuses on the well-being of individuals and communities, promoting practices that support physical, mental, and social health. Fair Share advocates for equitable distribution of resources, encouraging practices that limit consumption and foster sharing and cooperation.

Understanding Natural Systems – Patterns, Cycles, and Feedback

Understanding and harnessing the intricacies of natural systems is pivotal. At the heart of this is the recognition of natural patterns, cycles, and feedback loops, which govern the functioning of ecological systems. Bill Mollison emphasizes the importance of working with, rather than against, these natural phenomena to create sustainable and self-regulating designs.

Natural patterns are the recurring configurations found in nature, such as the spiral shapes of galaxies, the branching of trees and rivers, or the tessellation of honeycombs. These patterns are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functionally efficient. For example, the branching pattern in trees and rivers optimizes the distribution of nutrients and water, while the spiral pattern in shells and hurricanes promotes efficient energy flow. In permaculture design, recognizing and incorporating these patterns can lead to more effective and sustainable systems. For instance, using keyline design for water distribution mimics the natural flow of water across landscapes, ensuring even hydration and reducing erosion.

Cycles are another fundamental aspect of natural systems. These are the recurring processes that sustain life, such as the water cycle, nutrient cycles, and seasonal cycles. Each cycle plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and health of ecosystems. In permaculture, understanding these cycles allows us to create designs that support and enhance them. For example, integrating water reuse systems and rain gardens into a permaculture design can help sustain the water cycle by capturing and purifying rainwater, thereby reducing the need for external water sources.

Designing Sustainable Systems

Designing sustainable systems is at the heart of permaculture, providing a blueprint for creating environments that are resilient, self-sustaining, and in harmony with natural processes. The methodologies and strategies employed in permaculture design encompass a range of practices aimed at achieving these goals. Central to this endeavor is a deep reliance on observation and thoughtful planning, which ensures that designs are well-adapted to their specific contexts and needs.

Permaculture

The first step in effective permaculture design is thorough observation. This involves spending significant time understanding the unique characteristics of the site – its climate, soil type, topography, water availability, and existing flora and fauna. By observing the natural patterns and cycles present in the environment, designers can identify how to work with these forces rather than against them. This foundational knowledge allows for the creation of systems that function in harmony with the ecosystem. The design process incorporates permaculture principles such as diversity, edge effect, and stacking functions, ensuring that each element within the system serves multiple purposes. For example, a tree might provide shade, food, habitat for animals, and contribute to soil fertility through leaf litter.

The design process incorporates permaculture principles such as diversity, edge effect, and stacking functions, ensuring that each element within the system serves multiple purposes. For example, a tree might provide shade, food, habitat for animals, and contribute to soil fertility through leaf litter.

Water Management

Water management is a critical aspect of permaculture design, serving as the lifeblood of sustainable ecosystems. Effective water management in permaculture involves a combination of techniques for harvesting, conservation, and sustainable usage to ensure that this most valuable resource is used to its utmost efficiency. One of the fundamental techniques for collecting water in permaculture systems is rainwater harvesting. This involves capturing and storing rainwater from surfaces like rooftops or specially designed catchment areas. The use of rain barrels, cisterns, and swales—shallow channels designed to redirect surface runoff—are all common methods.

Sustainable water usage in permaculture is also about reducing waste and recycling water wherever possible. Greywater systems, which recycle water from household uses such as sinks, showers, and washing machines, can be treated and reused for irrigation. This not only reduces the demand on freshwater supplies but also provides a steady source of water for gardens and landscapes.

Soil Health and Management

Soil health and management are paramount in any sustainable agriculture system, and permaculture places a strong emphasis on building a fertile foundation for growing plants. Healthy soil is the bedrock of productive and resilient ecosystems, providing essential nutrients, supporting plant roots, and contributing to water retention and drainage. To achieve and maintain soil health in permaculture, a variety of methods can be employed, each focusing on enhancing the natural functions and fertility of the soil.

Permaculture

One primary method of improving soil fertility is through composting. This process turns waste into valuable humus, rich in nutrients, and beneficial microorganisms that improve soil structure and fertility. Properly managed composting can accelerate the breakdown process, ensuring the material reaches a stable form that can be safely and effectively applied to garden beds, fields, and orchards, thereby boosting the soil’s organic content and nutrient availability.

Integrating Plants and Animals

In permaculture, the integration of plants and animals plays a crucial role in establishing a balanced and productive ecosystem. The symbiotic relationships between flora and fauna are foundational to creating systems where every organism supports and enhances the well-being of others, contributing to a resilient and self-sustaining environment. 

Plants and animals each have unique functions and benefits within a permaculture system. Plants, for instance, are vital for capturing solar energy through photosynthesis, creating biomass, and providing food and habitat for various animal species. They contribute to air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, and their root systems help stabilize soil and prevent erosion. Animals, on the other hand, play essential roles in pest control, pollination, soil fertilization, and seed dispersal. They also contribute organic matter through their waste products, which are valuable nutrients for plants.

Permaculture

Beneficial plant and animal relationships are illustrated through practices such as the use of nitrogen-fixing plants in polycultures. Leguminous plants like clover, peas, and beans have symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants. Including these plants in a system can significantly enhance soil fertility without the need for synthetic fertilizers. Planting insectary plants, which attract beneficial insects such as pollinators and predators of pests, provides a natural form of pest control, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.

In Conclusion

There is lots more that can be said about permaculture. Ultimately, permaculture is more than just a method of agriculture or land management; it is a philosophy that encompasses a way of life. It calls for a deep connection to the Earth, a commitment to sustainability, and a recognition of the interconnectedness of all living systems. By adhering to its ethics and principles, individuals and communities can contribute to a more sustainable and equitable world, fostering a culture that values cooperation, conservation, and creativity in addressing the challenges of the modern era.

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Growing From Seed or Clone?

Growing from seed or clone

As the cannabis industry continues to flourish, many enthusiasts and cultivators are diving into the art of growing their own plants. It’s truly remarkable. The amount of new growers every season grows exponentially. 

One of the most crucial decisions they face is whether to grow from seeds or clones. Both methods have their unique advantages and disadvantages, and understanding these can help growers make informed choices. Today, we will delve into the pros and cons of growing cannabis from seeds and clones, providing detailed insights to help you determine the best approach for your cultivation goals. For the sake of it all, when we mention “seeds” or “seed” we refer to regular cannabis seeds. Not feminized seeds, nor autoflowering cannabis seeds. This is a topic for a different day.

Understanding Cannabis Seeds

Genetic Diversity

One of the primary benefits of using seeds is the genetic diversity they offer. Each seed results from pollination between a male and a female plant, creating a unique genetic combination. This diversity allows growers to explore various strains and phenotypes, potentially discovering new and exciting characteristics. Something most experienced growers are looking for. Some growers grow hundreds , thousands of regular plants at a time to find only 1 or 2 very unique cannabis plants. These are the plants that we the consumers are enjoying on the streets. For every strain, Girl Scout Cookies to make it to market, thousands of cannabis plants went through a genetic selection. And this is truly the beauty of regular cannabis seeds.

growing from seed or clone

Stronger Root Systems and Higher Yield

Plants grown from seeds typically develop stronger root systems. This robust root structure supports vigorous growth and can lead to higher yields compared to clones. The extensive root network allows the plant to absorb more nutrients and water, fostering healthier and more productive growth. It is not to say that it will always produce stronger and higher yields. Just bare this in mind.

Pest and Disease Resistance

Seeds generally exhibit greater pest and disease resistance. Since they are not direct clones of another plant, they do not inherit any genetic weaknesses or susceptibilities. This resilience can result in a healthier garden with fewer pest and disease issues. Local cultivators have used cannabis breeding to their utmost benefit. They are purposefully breeding more and more mould-resistant genetics, for local markets. Allowing for more superior terra-flowers to grow. 

Longer Growing Time

However, growing from seeds involves a longer growing time. Seeds need to germinate, and the seedlings must establish themselves before they start to grow vigorously. This initial phase can take several weeks, extending the overall cultivation period. This generally doesn’t bother the organic grower that grows with the season in a greenhouse or outside. An indoor grower should consider their cultivation time much more, as this will directly implicate in electricity bills for longer light running time. During this grow phase of the plant your lights will run at an average 18 hours on 6 hours off.

growing from seed or clone

Gender Identification

Another challenge with seeds is gender identification. Cannabis plants can be male, female, or hermaphroditic. Male plants must be identified and removed to prevent pollination, which can lead to seedy buds and reduced potency in the female plants. This process requires careful monitoring and early identification of male plants. Spending time to grow from seed just to find a male plant that won’t produce flowers is not ideal either. Hence why there are some transplanting and stages that growers set up for themselves during the vegetative phases of the plant in order to streamline and cut costs on the grows. 

Variable Quality

Not all seeds will grow into healthy plants, leading to variable quality. Some seeds may fail to germinate or produce weak plants, which can be frustrating and costly. It is essential to source high-quality seeds from reputable breeders to minimize these risks. Thankfully our market is becoming more and more sophisticated by the year, and finding a reputable online source has become easier. Some grow stores even sell seeds too.

Exploring Cannabis Clones

Consistent Quality

Clones offer consistent quality because they are genetically identical to the parent plant. This uniformity ensures that the desired traits, such as potency, flavour, and growth characteristics, are preserved in each new plant. For commercial growers, this predictability is invaluable. But more and more home growers are finding that this is much easier for them to manage, saving them time and money. You know what you will get and that is also not a bad thing for cultivators.

Faster Growing Time

Clones can be planted directly into the growing medium and begin developing immediately, leading to a faster growing time. This accelerated growth cycle allows growers to harvest more frequently, increasing overall productivity. When sourcing clones from a grower or entity, they should come ready to plant. A sign of a good nursery is the state of health the plants arrive in. You skip 4-6 weeks out of your cultivation and depending on your method of cultivation some can go straight into the flower phase from a 20cm clone. Cutting down Cultivation to 8 – 10 weeks.

growing from seed or clone

No Gender Identification Needed

With clones, there is no need for gender identification. Since clones are taken from a female plant, all the new plants will also be female. This eliminates the risk of accidental pollination and ensures that all plants produce high-quality, seedless buds. The only risk you might run into is hermaphrodism, as plants that come under high-stress seed themselves, called Selfing. 

 

Limited Genetic Diversity

However, clones come with their own set of limitations. One significant drawback is the limited genetic diversity. Using clones restricts growers to the genetics of the parent plant, which can be a disadvantage if those genetics are not ideal for certain growing conditions or if they lack desirable traits. Growers should always be mindful of the strains they are selecting and in which environment their clones come from.

Increased Risk of Pests and Diseases

Clones can also carry over pests and diseases from the parent plant. Any genetic weaknesses or susceptibilities present in the parent will be passed on to the clones. This can result in increased vulnerability to infestations and infections, requiring vigilant pest management practices. If the clones come dirty to you and you don’t have any protocol in place, you will infect the entire grow space. So another trick when getting clones from anyone would be to isolate and treat them first for any mould and bacteria before introducing them to the space. Pathogens can latch on during the transportation process, insect vectors and many other things. So just because you getting them from a clean nursery doesn’t mean when they arrive by your doorstep they will be clean.

Making the Right Choice

Choosing between seeds and clones ultimately depends on your specific needs and preferences. Here are some factors to consider when making your decision:

If you value genetic diversity and enjoy experimenting with different strains, growing from seeds might be the better option. Seeds offer the opportunity to discover unique phenotypes and tailor your garden to specific preferences. However, if you prioritize consistent quality and uniformity in your harvests, clones are likely the way to go. The predictable nature of clones ensures reliable results with every crop.

Assess the time and effort you are willing to invest in your cultivation process. Growing from seeds involves a longer initial phase and the need for gender identification, which can be labour-intensive. Clones, on the other hand, streamline the process by eliminating the need for these steps and speeding up the growth cycle.

growing from seed or clone

Conclusion

Both seeds and clones have their distinct advantages and drawbacks. Understanding these can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your cultivation goals. Whether you choose the genetic diversity and higher yield potential of seeds or the consistent quality and faster growth of clones, it is crucial to source your seeds or clones from reputable suppliers. High-quality genetics are the foundation of a successful cannabis garden, ensuring healthy plants and bountiful harvests.

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What is the Soil Food Web?

What is the Soil food Web?

Soil is more than just dirt; it is a vibrant, living ecosystem teeming with microscopic life. Understanding the soil food web begins with comprehending that soil is composed of a mix of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms. These include a multitude of microbes that play pivotal roles in maintaining soil health.

The term “Soil Food Web” was made popular by Dr Elaine Ingham, an American Microbiologist, who some refer to as the mother of regenerative agriculture. Our blog is inspired by her work and by author Jeff Lowenfels, Teaming up with Microbes.

Soil Food Web Image
Soil Food Web Diagram

The concept of the Soil Food Web 

It revolves around the interactions between these microorganisms, plants, and animals within the soil environment. This web includes various bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and arthropods, each performing essential functions that facilitate nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and plant health. At the foundation of the soil food web are primary decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which break down organic materials and release nutrients in forms accessible to plants. These primary decomposers are preyed upon by larger microorganisms and soil fauna, creating an intricate network of energy and nutrient flows.

The significance of the soil food web cannot be overstated. 

Healthy soil is the cornerstone of robust plant growth, influencing everything from nutrient uptake to resistance against pests and diseases. It also plays a key role in larger ecological processes, such as carbon sequestration, water retention, and erosion control. A rich and diverse soil microbiome contributes to the physical structure of the soil, enhancing its ability to support plant roots and retain moisture. Conversely, disrupted or degraded soils often lack the microbial diversity necessary to sustain these crucial functions, resulting in poor plant performance and increased environmental vulnerability.

In essence, by recognizing and fostering the various organisms within the soil food web, gardeners, farmers, and land stewards can promote more sustainable and resilient ecosystems. This approach aligns with broader environmental goals, offering a pathway toward more sustainable agricultural practices, improved food security, and enhanced ecosystem services. As we delve deeper into the roles of specific microorganisms like bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and nematodes in subsequent sections, the interconnected nature of the soil food web will become ever more apparent, underscoring the need for integrated soil management practices.

The Role of Bacteria and Archaea in Soil Health 

Bacteria and archaea play indispensable roles in the health of soil ecosystems. Despite their microscopic size, these organisms are powerhouses of activity, driving numerous essential processes that underpin plant health and soil fertility. In “Teaming with Microbes,” Jeff Lowenfels delves deeply into the crucial functions these microorganisms perform, their interactions within the soil food web, and the methods gardeners and farmers can employ to enhance their beneficial activities.

Bacteria 

Are among the most prolific and versatile organisms in the soil. They execute a plethora of functions that are vital for nutrient cycling. A significant role of bacteria is the decomposition of organic matter. By breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules, bacteria help recycle essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, making them available to plants. This process is particularly important for the formation of humus, a stable component of soil organic matter that improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability.

Another critical function of soil bacteria is nitrogen fixation. Certain bacteria, known as diazotrophs, have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants can readily absorb and utilize. This symbiotic relationship is most famously illustrated by the Rhizobia bacteria, which form nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. Inside these nodules, the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants, enhancing plant growth and reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

Bacteria and Archea in Soil under microscope

Archaea

Though similar to bacteria in many ways, have distinct roles in soil ecosystems. One of their most notable contributions is participation in methanogenesis, the production of methane under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions. Methanogenic archaea thrive in water-logged or compacted soils where oxygen is limited. While methane production can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, in a balanced ecosystem, these archaea play a role in carbon cycling, breaking down organic materials that bacteria and fungi cannot decompose under aerobic conditions.

Both bacteria and archaea contribute significantly to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. By outcompeting harmful microbes for resources and space or by producing antimicrobial compounds, these beneficial microorganisms help maintain a healthy soil microbiome and reduce the incidence of plant diseases.

Promoting beneficial bacterial and archaeal activity

Incorporating organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, into the soil provides a food source for these microorganisms, encouraging their growth and activity. Minimizing soil disturbance through reduced tillage practices helps maintain the complex soil structures that support microbial habitats. Additionally, avoiding the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is crucial, as these can disrupt microbial communities and diminish their beneficial effects.

They are fundamental to the health and productivity of soil ecosystems. Their roles in nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, pathogen suppression, and organic matter decomposition are irreplaceable. By understanding these functions and employing methods to foster a thriving microbial community, gardeners and farmers can enhance soil health, promote sustainable plant growth, and contribute to the overall resilience of agricultural ecosystems.

The Critical Functions of Fungi in the Soil Ecosystem

Fungi play a vital role in the soil ecosystem and exhibit fascinating functions that are crucial for plant health and overall soil structure. Two main types of fungi dominate the soil environment: mycorrhizal fungi and saprophytic fungi. Understanding the distinct roles of these fungi can shed light on their unparalleled importance in soil ecosystems.

Mycorrhizal fungi 

They establish a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, forming intricate networks called mycorrhizae. These networks significantly enhance a plant’s ability to absorb nutrients and water. Mycorrhizal fungi extend far beyond the root zone, accessing nutrients that roots alone cannot reach. They are particularly effective at solubilizing phosphorus, a vital nutrient often locked in soil particles, and transporting it back to the host plant. This symbiotic exchange not only aids plant growth but also enhances the plant’s resistance to stress and pathogens.

Saprophytic fungi

These, are decomposers. They break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds, such as leaf litter, wood, and other organic debris. This decomposition process is essential for nutrient cycling, as it releases critical nutrients back into the soil, making them available for uptake by plants. Saprophytic fungi are pivotal in maintaining the humus layer of the soil, which is crucial for retaining moisture and fostering a hospitable environment for other microorganisms.

Fungi
Mycelium in Soil

Fungi contribute significantly to the physical structure of the soil as well. The mycelium—extensive networks of fungal filaments—binds soil particles together, enhancing soil aggregation. This leads to improved soil structure, with better aeration and water retention. Fungal networks create macro-pores in the soil, which facilitate the movement of air, water, and roots through the soil profile. These structures are essential for creating a resilient and thriving soil environment.

Encouraging beneficial fungal growth

This can be achieved through several best practices. First, minimizing soil disturbance is crucial. Tilling and other disruptive practices can break up fungal networks and deplete their populations. Instead, adopting no-till or reduced-till farming practices can preserve these beneficial fungi. Incorporating organic matter into the soil is another effective way to promote fungal growth. Organic matter serves as both food and habitat for fungi. Composting, mulching, and cover cropping introduce ample organic material into the soil, supporting a thriving fungal community. It’s also important to maintain soil pH within the optimal range for fungal activity, typically between 5.5 and 7.5. This can be achieved through thoughtful soil amendments and regular soil testing.

Protists and Nematodes – The Lesser-Known Soil Dwellers 

Protists and nematodes may not be as well-known as bacteria and fungi, but they play crucial roles in the health and functionality of the soil ecosystem. These microscopic and often overlooked organisms are vital components of the Soil Food Web, contributing significantly to nutrient cycling, plant health, and soil quality.

Protists 

Encompass a diverse group of single-celled organisms, including amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates. These microorganisms thrive in the thin films of water that coat soil particles, making them active participants in the soil food web. Protists primarily feed on bacteria, helping to control bacterial populations and prevent any single species from dominating and destabilizing the soil ecosystem. Through predation, protists recycle nutrients, making them available to plants and other soil organisms. By digesting bacteria and releasing nitrogen in the form of ammonium, protists play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle, enhancing plant growth and soil fertility.

Nematodes, or roundworms

Are another important group of soil dwellers. These tiny, worm-like creatures live in the water films surrounding soil particles and have a range of dietary preferences. Some nematodes are bacterial feeders, while others prefer fungi, protozoa, or even plant roots. Predatory nematodes feed on other nematodes and small soil organisms. In agricultural soils, the presence of beneficial nematode species can suppress soil-borne diseases and pests by preying on harmful nematodes and insects. Their activities help regulate the populations of other soil organisms, contributing to a balanced and resilient soil ecosystem.

Interactions between protists, nematodes, and other soil microorganisms are complex and dynamic. Protists, by feeding on bacteria, indirectly affect nematode populations that feed on bacteria and fungi. Similarly, predatory nematodes can influence the abundance and activity of other soil organisms. These interactions drive the nutrient cycles and energy flows that sustain healthy soil systems. For instance, nematodes and protists release nutrients locked in organic matter through their digestive processes, making these nutrients available for plant uptake.

Nematode
Nematode under Microscope.

The impact of protists and nematodes 

Through their feeding activities, these organisms enhance nutrient availability, improve soil structure, and suppress pathogens. Nematodes that feed on plant roots can be harmful in excessive numbers, causing root damage and decreasing plant vitality. However, their presence in moderate numbers can stimulate root growth and nutrient absorption by creating microchannels in the soil, which improve aeration and water infiltration. Furthermore, some nematodes release plant growth-promoting substances, further supporting plant health.

Building and Maintaining a Healthy Soil Microbiome

Creating and sustaining a vibrant soil microbiome begins with a comprehensive understanding of your soil’s current health. To start, a soil health assessment is crucial. This assessment typically includes testing for pH levels, nutrient composition, and the presence of organic matter. It’s advantageous to include a biological assay that identifies key microbial populations within your soil. 

Once the health of your soil has been established, the next step is to improve and maintain it through the addition of compost and organic matter. Compost acts as a powerhouse for enriching the soil microbiome. High-quality compost is not just decomposed organic matter; it is a bustling community of microbes that include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and even nematodes. These organisms play pivotal roles in breaking down complex organic materials into forms that plants can absorb. The addition of compost not only introduces beneficial microbes but also enhances the soil’s physical structure, promoting better aeration and water retention.

Learnt anything? Comment your thoughts below

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5 Common Pests & Diseases

5 common pests & diseases

Healthy and robust plants are less attractive to pests and diseases, however weak and malnourished plants are attacked more easily. At the same time, healthy plants are better equipped to deal with the attack, while the weak will be less able to cope. Early detection of the problem is a major factor in its eradication.

In outdoor cultivation, we can count on the help of certain plants. For deterrence of cannabis pests, companion plants such as Nasturtium, Chinese Carnation, basil, wormwood and sage can be planted to form a micro-balanced and self-regulating ecosystem. Generally, flowers and herbs help ward off pests and attract beneficial insects to our garden.

Let’s look at some more methods for the treatment of the 5 most common pests in the South African climate. We always aim for ecological solutions, as cannabis is a product intended for human consumption.

Pests and Disease

Spider mites

Spider mites are tiny arachnids, often less than 1 millimetre in size, that infest various plants. These pests are known for their ability to reproduce rapidly, leading to severe infestations if not managed promptly. Spider mites feed on plant sap by piercing plant cells with their mouthparts, causing damage that appears as tiny yellow or white spots on leaves. Over time, this feeding can lead to leaf discolouration, wilting, and even plant death. Spider mites thrive in hot, dry conditions and are commonly found on the undersides of leaves, where they spin fine webs as they feed and reproduce.

What to do:

A simple homemade remedy to control spider mites involves using a mixture of water and mild liquid soap. Combine two tablespoons of liquid dish soap with one quart of water in a spray bottle. I add a teaspoon of cayenne pepper too. Shake the mixture well and spray it directly onto the affected plants, ensuring to cover the undersides of the leaves where spider mites are likely hiding. The soap solution works by suffocating the mites and disrupting their cell membranes. The pepper will act as a deterrent, helping get rid of the mites. For best results, apply the solution in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects and to minimize the risk of leaf burn from sunlight. Reapply every few days until the infestation is under control.

We have the options here of help from certain organic products and predatory insects:

The most effective red spider mite predators are Phytoseiulus persimilis, and Amblyseius californicus which can be bought online. Always follow the retailer’s directions closely. We must remember that if we use live predators we should, under no circumstances use pesticides too, even organic ones. Notably, temperatures above 26 degrees and low relative humidity favour their proliferation.

Well-known organic remedies include wettable sulfur, potassium soap, pyrethrins, neem, or natural products that have extracts of cinnamon, camomile or wormwood.

pests and diseases

White fly

Whiteflies are small, winged insects that belong to the family Aleyrodidae. They are typically found on the undersides of leaves and are known for their white, powdery wings. Whiteflies feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients and weakening the plant. This feeding process can lead to yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and a general decline in plant health.

Additionally, whiteflies excrete a sticky substance called honeydew, which can attract sooty mould, further harming the plant and reducing its ability to photosynthesize effectively.

What to do:

Both for early detection and for eradication, chromatic traps (sometimes also called ‘cues’) are a good call. These insects are attracted to the color yellow, and become stuck in the traps.

Good organic remedies include neem, pyrethrum and other medicinal plants (such as Nasturtium, Marigold, Onions and Garlic) are also effective.

A homemade remedy to control whiteflies involves using a mixture of water, liquid dish soap, and neem oil. In a spray bottle, combine one quart of water with one tablespoon of liquid dish soap and one teaspoon of neem oil. Shake the mixture well and spray it onto the affected plants, focusing on the undersides of the leaves where whiteflies congregate. The soap helps to suffocate the insects, while neem oil acts as a natural insect repellent and disrupts the life cycle of the whiteflies. Apply this solution in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects and to prevent leaf burn. Reapply every few days until the whitefly population is under control.

As the most effective remedy we have some natural predators – in this case, the very effective Encarsia Formosa wasps, Macrolophus (also good for spider mites) or Amblyseius swirskii, which stands out amongst others for its effectiveness and resistance to high temperatures.

Pests & Diseases

Caterpillars

Caterpillars are the larval stage of butterflies and moths, belonging to the order Lepidoptera. These larvae are typically elongated, soft-bodied, and segmented, with varying colours and patterns depending on the species. Caterpillars are voracious feeders, primarily consuming leaves and other plant parts, which can lead to significant damage in gardens and agricultural crops. As they feed, they create holes and ragged edges on leaves, weakening the plants and affecting their growth and productivity. Some caterpillar species can also burrow into fruits and stems, causing further harm to the plants. Caterpillars cause great damage outdoors and in the greenhouse or polytunnel. They are difficult to combat and can leave growers defeated.

What to do:

Spotting them early and taking preventative action would be the ideal way of going about them. Once they get going, you can lose crop overnight without seeing any damage… Until it is too late and buds are falling off from the plants. 

A homemade remedy to control caterpillars without using bacteria involves a mixture of water and chili pepper. To make this solution, blend two fresh chili peppers with one quart of water until smooth. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or fine mesh to remove any solid particles, then pour the liquid into a spray bottle. Add a few drops of liquid dish soap to help the solution adhere to the leaves.

Spray the chilli pepper solution onto the affected plants, focusing on areas where caterpillars are present. The capsaicin in the chilli peppers acts as a natural deterrent, making the leaves unpalatable to caterpillars. Be sure to apply the spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects and to prevent leaf burn from sunlight. Reapply every few days or after rainfall until the caterpillar population is under control.

Another way is pheromone trapping. Pheromones are chemicals produced by females to attract males. They consist of a trap for adult butterflies and moths; males are attracted to pheromone tablets and poisoned, thus disrupting the reproductive cycle and preventing Caterpillar proliferation.If you are growing in a greenhouse, it is worth using fabrics or nets.

Another weapon is Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that attacks the digestive system of caterpillars causing them to die of starvation. However, we recommend a selective use of them because many applications may have residual effects on our buds. Steinernema carpocapsae is another predator, a microscopic roundworm that lives in the soil, and is an entomopathogenic nematode.

Pests & Diseases

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew is a common fungal disease that affects a wide variety of plants, characterized by white or greyish powdery spots that form on the leaves, stems, and sometimes flowers and fruits. This disease thrives in warm, dry climates and can spread rapidly, covering entire plant surfaces if not controlled. The powdery coating can block sunlight, reducing photosynthesis and weakening the plant. Infected leaves may become distorted, turn yellow, and eventually drop off, leading to reduced plant vigour and yield.

What to do:

Fungi are very, very difficult to combat, once they appear, both outdoors and indoors. It is possible to take preventive measures such as proper ventilation and humidity control, and good spacing between plants. As for treatments we have with sulfur, horsetail, nettle extracts, cinnamon, and Propolix. There are also specific microorganism extracts which inhibit the growth of the fungus.

A simple homemade remedy to control powdery mildew involves using a mixture of baking soda and water. Combine one tablespoon of baking soda with one quart of water in a spray bottle. To enhance the effectiveness, add half a teaspoon of liquid dish soap, which helps the solution stick to the leaves. Shake the mixture well and spray it onto the affected plants, thoroughly covering all surfaces, including the undersides of leaves. The baking soda alters the pH level on the leaf surface, creating an environment that is inhospitable to the powdery mildew fungus. For best results, apply the solution in the early morning or late evening and reapply once a week or after rain until the powdery mildew is under control.

Botrytis

Botrytis, commonly known as grey mould, is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants, especially in cool, damp conditions. It is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which produces greyish-brown, fuzzy spores on the surfaces of infected plant tissues. This disease can affect leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, leading to soft, rotting areas that may be covered with the characteristic grey mould. Botrytis can spread rapidly, particularly in humid environments, causing extensive damage to crops and ornamental plants by promoting decay and inhibiting growth. 

Also very difficult to combat and prevent. Spores of all fungi, float in the air and spread very quickly. Botrytis is perhaps the most difficult fungus to fight.

What to do:

Trichoderma harzianum is a natural fungicide which colonizes the root, can act as a protective barrier act minimizing the spread of pathogenic fungus. Other options include Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus velezensis, bacterias that slow the spread of Botrytis. Wormwood extract and thyme are also useful for preventing this.

Once Botrytis is detected, manually or with scissors, remove the infected buds, place them quickly into a bag and throw them away. Remove the entire plant if it is too affected in order to minimize its spread.

We see that insects in general are a little less difficult to combat, because their life cycle, although very fast, is much slower than that of fungi. However, the best way to prevent significant loss is to closely observe your plants, as early detection is always the best control tool. If you take care of your plants they will take care of you.

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What is Compost Tea?

Compost tea Feature image

Compost tea is a natural gem in the realm of organic gardening. This simple, yet potent brew, made by steeping quality compost in water, unlocks a trove of beneficial nutrients and microorganisms. It’s more than just a fertilizer; it’s a life-enhancing elixir for plants, enriching soil health and bolstering plant resilience in an eco-friendly way. 

This liquid gold will give your garden life and make you much better at organic growing. Revitalising your plants’ overall health.

What is Compost Tea?

Compost tea is a liquid extract derived from compost and is packed with beneficial microorganisms and nutrients essential for garden vitality. It is a unique and organic solution that has become a favourite among gardeners for its ability to enhance soil and plant health naturally.

The Brewing Process:

Brewing compost tea involves steeping compost in water, which is akin to making a giant tea bag filled with compost. During this process, the water becomes enriched with soluble nutrients and beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes.

The key to successful compost tea lies in maintaining a well-aerated environment during the brewing process, which encourages the growth and multiplication of these beneficial organisms.

Aerated Compost Tea (ACT): 

Contains all the species of organisms that were in the compost. Thus the compost has to be “tea-quality”. Those organisms selected by the temperature, foods present, nutrient composition, and oxygen content in the tea brew grow during the brewing process. When oxygen drops below a certain level, nutrients can be lost and disease-causing organisms may grow. Oxygen content is critical, but so is the diversity of aerobic organisms. The competitive set of organisms must be present to prevent pathogen growth. The amount of food added must be limited to enough to attain maximum growth of desired organisms but not so much that oxygen concentration drops below the aerobic level. Balance is critical – maximize growth, but maintain aerobic conditions. Machine cleanliness is important too. Anaerobic biofilms growing in the machine can result in poor-quality tea. Documenting that a consistent, plant-beneficial product is always made is paramount.

Non-Aerated Compost Tea (NCT): 

 

Requires that low oxygen levels are reached, and this needs to be documented in order to make the claim that this kind of product was made. Certain organisms make specific toxins which combat disease- and pest-organisms. These toxins, like antibiotics, are only made in certain conditions. Machine, recipe, oxygen management and compost used must be documented and understood. The biology in an anaerobic tea is limited to basically anaerobic bacteria and yeasts. Since the set of organisms is so significantly altered from what occurs in aerobic compost, anaerobically brewed teas should not be called compost tea, but designated specifically as anaerobic tea.

Compost tea

Enhanced Plant Nutrition and Growth:

Compost tea is a direct source of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements, which are readily available for plant uptake. This immediate nutrient supply can lead to more robust and vigorous plant growth. The microorganisms in compost tea play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter in the soil, thereby improving nutrient cycling and making existing soil nutrients more available to plants.

Disease and Pest Resistance:

Bacteria occupy most of the leaf or root surface and thus are most effective at consuming the food resources that the disease-causing organisms would otherwise consume. Bacteria occupy most of the infection sites, which would otherwise be occupied by the disease-causing organisms. In soil, bacteria have additional functions beyond consuming foods and occupying infection sites, they also retain nutrients (N, P, S, Ca, Fe, etc) in their biomass. Your Compost Tea needs a healthy balance of bacteria, fungi and micro-organisms.

Overall Benefits

  1. Pathogens cannot infect the plant tissues because the specific infection sites on the plant surface is already occupied by beneficial organisms;
  2. Disease-causing organisms have no food and cannot grow because the exudates produced by the plant are used by the beneficial species present on the plant tissues before the disease-causing organisms arrive;
  3. Spaces on the surfaces of plant are physically occupied by beneficial organisms. The pests and pathogens cannot reach the plant surface, and Disease cannot occur; 
  4. Plants take up nutrients in the tea needed to allow them to resist infection more rapidly because the beneficial biology influences leaf surface gas concentrations, causing stomates to open sooner and for a longer time;
  5. Food resources in the tea allow beneficial microorganisms to grow, protecting plant surfaces; 
  6. Nutrients are retained on the leaf surface and become available to the plant with time, improving plant nutrition and health;
  7. soil structure is improved and more oxygen reaches the root system,preventing toxins from being produced in the soil, increasing plant health;

DIY and Cost-Effective: 

Making your own compost tea is a cost-effective solution compared to buying commercial fertilizers and plant treatments. It can be made at home using simple ingredients and equipment.

Ingredients for the Perfect Compost Tea Recipe

Creating the perfect compost tea is akin to crafting a gourmet meal for your garden. Each ingredient plays a vital role in the final product’s quality and effectiveness. 

Here’s a closer look at what you’ll need and why each ingredient is important.

  1. Organic Compost: The Foundation

Quality Matters. The compost is the heart of your tea. It should be well-aged, rich in organic matter, and free from any harmful pathogens or chemicals.  Homemade compost is ideal, but store-bought organic compost works well too. Worm castings, Bat guano also can make a base for Compost tea. Compost made from a diverse range of organic materials (like leaves/woodchips, kitchen bokashi, and grass clippings) will lead to a more nutrient-rich and microbiologically diverse tea.

  1. Water: The Medium

Non-chlorinated is key. Chlorine in tap water can kill the beneficial microorganisms in compost. 

Use rainwater, or pond water(might not be best), or let tap water sit out for 24 hours to allow the chlorine to evaporate. An old trick would be to stick your arm in the water for a while. Your skin will absorb the chlorine and clean the water too. Might cut down the waiting time… but this is a 2 cents type of deal here.  Room temperature water is ideal as extreme hot or cold can shock the microorganisms.

  1. Air Pump: Oxygen Supplier

Aeration for Microbial Growth. Oxygen is crucial for fostering aerobic microorganisms. 

An air pump ensures the tea remains well-oxygenated, preventing the growth of harmful anaerobic bacteria. One can be bought either online or at your local fish shop or nursery. Some of these online stores are my go-to:

Marijuana SA

Hydroponic.co.za

Cleanliness is Crucial: 

Ensure the container is clean to prevent any contamination of the tea.

4. Fuel/Food

Molasses is the preferred sugar of choice. This will help stimulate the growth of bacteria and microorganisms in your compost tea. Ensure that you do not overdo your fuel source as this in large can also slow or cap off the growth.

Step-by-Step Guide: Making Your Own Compost Tea

Creating compost tea is a straightforward process, but attention to detail can make a significant difference in the quality of the final product. 

Step 1: Gather Your Materials

Prepare Your Ingredients: Assemble your organic compost, non-chlorinated water, air pump, and brewing container. Find a cheese cloth-type bag to put all your material in. Placethis in your brewing container.

The amounts you will make will be dependent on your needs. I have always eyeballed my ingredients in honesty.

Cleaning: Ensure all equipment is clean to prevent contamination.

Step 2: Add Water

Add non-chlorinated water to the bucket, leaving some space at the top to prevent spillage during aeration.

Step 3: Aerate the Mixture

Set Up the Air Pump: 

Attach air stones or diffusers to the air pump and place them at the bottom of the bucket. Keep the air pump running continuously to supply oxygen. This step is crucial for encouraging the growth of beneficial aerobic microbes.

Step 4: Brewing Time

Allow the mixture to brew for 24-48 hours. The exact time can depend on the ambient temperature and the desired microbial activity. Check the brew occasionally to ensure that the aeration is consistent and the temperature is stable.

Step 5: Strain and Use

Once brewing is complete, strain the liquid to remove solid particles. Use a cheesecloth, fine mesh, or a paint strainer bag. It is not crucial to strain the compost tea if you plan on using it as a soil drench.

Application: 

Apply the tea as soon as possible after brewing for maximum effectiveness. Dilute with water if it appears too concentrated.

Step 6: Clean Up

Clean all equipment thoroughly after use to prevent any buildup of residual compost or mould. This step is so important and often overlooked. If you avoid this you will find that bacteria will build up on your air hoses and stones and that you can get sludge. This will increase your chances of an anaerobic reaction occurring as well as the batch being contaminated and smelling off.

Compost Tea

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Application Methods:

Foliar Spray: 

  • Applying compost tea as a foliar spray is a great way to provide nutrients directly to the leaves and can help with disease prevention. 
  • Ensure the spray is fine and covers the leaves evenly.

Soil Drench: 

  • Pouring compost tea around the roots or base of the plant helps improve soil quality and root health. 
  • This method is beneficial for providing nutrients directly to the root zone.

Precautions and Best Practices

  • Ensure the spraying equipment is clean to prevent the spread of any disease.
  • Be cautious when applying to young seedlings or very delicate plants. It’s always better to start with a more diluted solution.
  • Observe how your plants react to the compost tea and adjust your application method and frequency accordingly.

Tips for Success:

  • Brew at a temperature between 12°C and 24°C for optimal microbial activity.
  • Brewing beyond 48 hours can lead to the development of harmful anaerobic bacteria.
  • If unsure of the concentration, it’s safer to dilute the tea more rather than less. A general guideline is a 1:10 ratio of tea to water.

Using Compost Tea

A general guideline is a 1:10 ratio of tea to water, but this can vary based on the strength of your brew and the sensitivity of your plants.

Application Methods:

Foliar Spray: 

  • Applying compost tea as a foliar spray is a great way to provide nutrients directly to the leaves and can help with disease prevention. 
  • Ensure the spray is fine and covers the leaves evenly.

Soil Drench: 

  • Pouring compost tea around the roots or base of the plant helps improve soil quality and root health. 
  • This method is beneficial for providing nutrients directly to the root zone.

Precautions and Best Practices

  • Ensure the spraying equipment is clean to prevent the spread of any disease.
  • Be cautious when applying to young seedlings or very delicate plants. It’s always better to start with a more diluted solution.
  • Observe how your plants react to the compost tea and adjust your application method and frequency accordingly.
Compost Tea