Posted on 17 July 202425 August 2024 by Joe

CBD – Full Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum & Isolate

What is CBD?

CBD, which stands for cannabidiol, is one of over 100 naturally occurring compounds found in the cannabis plant. CBD is non-intoxicating, meaning it does not produce a “high” or the stoned effect associated with cannabis. CBD is largely known for its potential health benefits, and people have been using it for pain management, calmness, and combating inflammation.

What are Cannabinoids?

Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that can affect your brain and body in different ways. They’re produced naturally by your own body and also found in various plants like hemp.

Does that mean that other plants also contain cannabinoids? Yes, some other plants contain cannabinoid-like compounds which can also be beneficial. For instance, Cacao, which is the plant from which we make chocolate, contains anandamide, which is a cannabinoid that binds to your C1 receptors and makes you feel happy and relaxed.

Most CBD products that are regulated in our market are derived from hemp, which is a variety of cannabis plant that has very low levels of THC but is rich in cannabidiol (CBD). Some grow more full-spectrum CBD strains. However, due to legislative issues, these flowers are still deemed illegal and have made their market accessibility difficult. Hence why has the market developed the Broad spectrum approach, is it ideal? Is it Natural? Does all of that even matter?

These are Questions that must be asked along the way.

These cannabinoids interact with receptors in our body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex system found in all mammals. It plays an essential role in regulating our body’s physical and cognitive processes like:

Sleep
Immunity
Stress Regulation
Pain Tolerance
Appetite
Memory
Reproductive System

and more…

ECS is also crucial in maintaining our overall health and balance. When the ECS is in a state of imbalance, or our body doesn’t produce enough cannabinoids, we can use the help of CBD.

Cannabinoids found in cannabis mimic our body’s natural endocannabinoids and help to restore natural balance in our body, this state is called ‘homeostasis’. Both endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids (the ones found in plants) bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors, which are located throughout our bodies and support homeostasis. We have written a blog on this too. Please feel free to read or listen to it here.

What is Full-Spectrum CBD?

Refers to CBD-high cannabis that includes all the other natural cannabinoids and terpenes found in the plant. Generally, the THC levels are minimal, by law less than 0.2%. People have strong opinions over the % of THC content in the flower, with many saying that THC is necessary for bioavailability. Many studies also have corroborated the ‘bro-science’. Leading to a stronger push for better law-making. Nonetheless, because there is some THC in the ‘legal’ medicine, one can still say it will have an “entourage effect” even though you won’t be intoxicated by the THC, the medicine will have a more holistic benefit.

How is Full Spectrum CBD Oil made?

“There are many ways to skin a cat”…. Some use more sharper tools than others. Industry norms would include solvent extracts such as CO2, Butane or Alcohol. Non-solvent extracts would be Rosin pressed or Bubble hash. In the USA and Europe where cannabis is accessible as a medicine or recreation, Full Spectrum CBD is a normal selection on the shelves. From cured flowers to packaged in a disposable vape. The market has evolved to offer it to people who don’t want to get high but have maximum healing benefits. Inside the recreational spaces, one would normally find CBD products with more than 0.2% THC in them.

What Are The Benefits of Full-Spectrum CBD

A broader range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds may provide additional therapeutic benefits.
May be more effective and potent than the other types of CBD generally derived from Hemp.
Can provide a more ‘natural’ experience, as it closely resembles the original plant composition.

What is Broad-Spectrum CBD?

Broad-spectrum CBD is a middle ground between CBD isolate and full-spectrum CBD. It contains a wide range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other plant compounds, but with one key difference: zero THC. Generally speaking, this is a man-made process. Although, today one can find strains that can be considered broad spectrum – or just hemp then?

How is it made?

Broad-spectrum CBD is made through a similar extraction process as full-spectrum CBD. After the initial extraction, an additional step is taken to remove the THC content, usually through a process called chromatography or selective distillation. The result is a THC-free product that retains many of the beneficial compounds found in full-spectrum CBD. Broad-spectrum CBD has no detectable levels of THC. This makes it ideal for those who want to experience the benefits of the entourage effect without any exposure to THC, either due to personal preferences, legal restrictions, or employment-related drug testing concerns. Some people are also just very sensitive to THC and Broad Spectrum eliminates the possibility of any intoxication of THC. Remember that we are all different and our body chemistries are not the same.

Broad-spectrum CBD arose as a means to an end in the market. Farmers were stuck with full-spectrum CBD material but THC levels were too high or still present so they could not move any medicine into the market. So they decided to remove the THC. Even though our market is warming up to better trading each year it becomes easier to get your hands on things. Broad-spectrum CBD won’t lose its relevance since there are people that prefer it.

It’s better for animals like dogs that cannot process THC safely…

Benefits of Broad-Spectrum CBD

A wide array of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other plant compounds that may provide additional wellness advantages
Suitable for individuals who want to avoid THC entirely, while still benefiting from the cannabis plant’s diverse components
May be particularly effective for conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, and inflammation, due to the synergistic action of the various plant compounds without THC

What is CBD Isolate?

CBD isolate is the purest form of CBD you can get, it contains only the CBD with no additional cannabinoids, terpenes, or other plant compounds.It does not have any THC content, and is not detectable in drug tests. CBD isolate is a crystalline solid or powder comprising pure CBD and nothing else.

How is CBD Isolate Oil made?

Once again there are many ways to skin the cat. We once wrote an article on THC-A diamonds, to get CBD isolate, the same process can also be used. Others use CO2 and fractional distillation to separate various cannabinoids and terpenes and isolate the CBD compound. I have seen someone make CBD isolate with 5 5-ton rosin pressing machines. Regardless, it takes much effort and time to produce. Making it naturally more expensive. The question in this regard would be, why would it be better if it were less natural? Considering that cannabis is a natural healing plant.

Benefits of CBD Isolate

CBD isolate offers many of the benefits of CBD, but does not benefit from the ‘entourage effect’. Some of the reported benefits include:

Better sleep
Elevates overall health and wellness
Improves mood and mental support
Supports quicker recovery after intense exercise
Does not make you feel “high” or show up in drug tests

Because it is isolated it can be used for a more accurate dosing and hence also target more specific healing. People who lean towards 100% natural processes would not be inclined to try isolated forms of anything, one would assume. It is important to understand the products you use and their origin. We have become very trusting as humans and sometimes we don’t ask critical questions concerning critical matters like our Health.

What should you buy?

Whether it is full-spectrum broad-spectrum or CBD isolate, doing more research will help you determine what is best for you. Most THC users will never even look at a CBD product. FOr those that do, Know your product. This is the best advice I can give. It is not as developed as the THC market nor is there a real understanding for the product. Even though there is less legality around it.

CBD and all its benefits also have flaws in its niche, from fake isolate products to ineffective products with high marketing schemes. Be mindful and consider asking more questions before buying anything CBD. if the person cannot have an open and honest conversation then I wouldn’t bother.

Leave us a comment below

Posted on 10 July 202417 January 2025 by Joe

Growing From Seed or Clone?

As the cannabis industry continues to flourish, many enthusiasts and cultivators are diving into the art of growing their own plants. It’s truly remarkable. The amount of new growers every season grows exponentially.

One of the most crucial decisions they face is whether to grow from seeds or clones. Both methods have their unique advantages and disadvantages, and understanding these can help growers make informed choices. Today, we will delve into the pros and cons of growing cannabis from seeds and clones, providing detailed insights to help you determine the best approach for your cultivation goals. For the sake of it all, when we mention “seeds” or “seed” we refer to regular cannabis seeds. Not feminized seeds, nor autoflowering cannabis seeds. This is a topic for a different day.

Understanding Cannabis Seeds

Genetic Diversity

One of the primary benefits of using seeds is the genetic diversity they offer. Each seed results from pollination between a male and a female plant, creating a unique genetic combination. This diversity allows growers to explore various strains and phenotypes, potentially discovering new and exciting characteristics. Something most experienced growers are looking for. Some growers grow hundreds , thousands of regular plants at a time to find only 1 or 2 very unique cannabis plants. These are the plants that we the consumers are enjoying on the streets. For every strain, Girl Scout Cookies to make it to market, thousands of cannabis plants went through a genetic selection. And this is truly the beauty of regular cannabis seeds.

Stronger Root Systems and Higher Yield

Plants grown from seeds typically develop stronger root systems. This robust root structure supports vigorous growth and can lead to higher yields compared to clones. The extensive root network allows the plant to absorb more nutrients and water, fostering healthier and more productive growth. It is not to say that it will always produce stronger and higher yields. Just bare this in mind.

Pest and Disease Resistance

Seeds generally exhibit greater pest and disease resistance. Since they are not direct clones of another plant, they do not inherit any genetic weaknesses or susceptibilities. This resilience can result in a healthier garden with fewer pest and disease issues. Local cultivators have used cannabis breeding to their utmost benefit. They are purposefully breeding more and more mould-resistant genetics, for local markets. Allowing for more superior terra-flowers to grow.

Longer Growing Time

However, growing from seeds involves a longer growing time. Seeds need to germinate, and the seedlings must establish themselves before they start to grow vigorously. This initial phase can take several weeks, extending the overall cultivation period. This generally doesn’t bother the organic grower that grows with the season in a greenhouse or outside. An indoor grower should consider their cultivation time much more, as this will directly implicate in electricity bills for longer light running time. During this grow phase of the plant your lights will run at an average 18 hours on 6 hours off.

Gender Identification

Another challenge with seeds is gender identification. Cannabis plants can be male, female, or hermaphroditic. Male plants must be identified and removed to prevent pollination, which can lead to seedy buds and reduced potency in the female plants. This process requires careful monitoring and early identification of male plants. Spending time to grow from seed just to find a male plant that won’t produce flowers is not ideal either. Hence why there are some transplanting and stages that growers set up for themselves during the vegetative phases of the plant in order to streamline and cut costs on the grows.

Variable Quality

Not all seeds will grow into healthy plants, leading to variable quality. Some seeds may fail to germinate or produce weak plants, which can be frustrating and costly. It is essential to source high-quality seeds from reputable breeders to minimize these risks. Thankfully our market is becoming more and more sophisticated by the year, and finding a reputable online source has become easier. Some grow stores even sell seeds too.

Exploring Cannabis Clones

Consistent Quality

Clones offer consistent quality because they are genetically identical to the parent plant. This uniformity ensures that the desired traits, such as potency, flavour, and growth characteristics, are preserved in each new plant. For commercial growers, this predictability is invaluable. But more and more home growers are finding that this is much easier for them to manage, saving them time and money. You know what you will get and that is also not a bad thing for cultivators.

Faster Growing Time

Clones can be planted directly into the growing medium and begin developing immediately, leading to a faster growing time. This accelerated growth cycle allows growers to harvest more frequently, increasing overall productivity. When sourcing clones from a grower or entity, they should come ready to plant. A sign of a good nursery is the state of health the plants arrive in. You skip 4-6 weeks out of your cultivation and depending on your method of cultivation some can go straight into the flower phase from a 20cm clone. Cutting down Cultivation to 8 – 10 weeks.

No Gender Identification Needed

With clones, there is no need for gender identification. Since clones are taken from a female plant, all the new plants will also be female. This eliminates the risk of accidental pollination and ensures that all plants produce high-quality, seedless buds. The only risk you might run into is hermaphrodism, as plants that come under high-stress seed themselves, called Selfing.

Limited Genetic Diversity

However, clones come with their own set of limitations. One significant drawback is the limited genetic diversity. Using clones restricts growers to the genetics of the parent plant, which can be a disadvantage if those genetics are not ideal for certain growing conditions or if they lack desirable traits. Growers should always be mindful of the strains they are selecting and in which environment their clones come from.

Increased Risk of Pests and Diseases

Clones can also carry over pests and diseases from the parent plant. Any genetic weaknesses or susceptibilities present in the parent will be passed on to the clones. This can result in increased vulnerability to infestations and infections, requiring vigilant pest management practices. If the clones come dirty to you and you don’t have any protocol in place, you will infect the entire grow space. So another trick when getting clones from anyone would be to isolate and treat them first for any mould and bacteria before introducing them to the space. Pathogens can latch on during the transportation process, insect vectors and many other things. So just because you getting them from a clean nursery doesn’t mean when they arrive by your doorstep they will be clean.

Making the Right Choice

Choosing between seeds and clones ultimately depends on your specific needs and preferences. Here are some factors to consider when making your decision:

If you value genetic diversity and enjoy experimenting with different strains, growing from seeds might be the better option. Seeds offer the opportunity to discover unique phenotypes and tailor your garden to specific preferences. However, if you prioritize consistent quality and uniformity in your harvests, clones are likely the way to go. The predictable nature of clones ensures reliable results with every crop.

Assess the time and effort you are willing to invest in your cultivation process. Growing from seeds involves a longer initial phase and the need for gender identification, which can be labour-intensive. Clones, on the other hand, streamline the process by eliminating the need for these steps and speeding up the growth cycle.

Conclusion

Both seeds and clones have their distinct advantages and drawbacks. Understanding these can help you make an informed decision that aligns with your cultivation goals. Whether you choose the genetic diversity and higher yield potential of seeds or the consistent quality and faster growth of clones, it is crucial to source your seeds or clones from reputable suppliers. High-quality genetics are the foundation of a successful cannabis garden, ensuring healthy plants and bountiful harvests.

Posted on 3 July 202417 January 2025 by Joe

What is the Soil Food Web?

Soil is more than just dirt; it is a vibrant, living ecosystem teeming with microscopic life. Understanding the soil food web begins with comprehending that soil is composed of a mix of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms. These include a multitude of microbes that play pivotal roles in maintaining soil health.

The term “Soil Food Web” was made popular by Dr Elaine Ingham, an American Microbiologist, who some refer to as the mother of regenerative agriculture. Our blog is inspired by her work and by author Jeff Lowenfels, Teaming up with Microbes.

The concept of the Soil Food Web

It revolves around the interactions between these microorganisms, plants, and animals within the soil environment. This web includes various bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and arthropods, each performing essential functions that facilitate nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and plant health. At the foundation of the soil food web are primary decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which break down organic materials and release nutrients in forms accessible to plants. These primary decomposers are preyed upon by larger microorganisms and soil fauna, creating an intricate network of energy and nutrient flows.

The significance of the soil food web cannot be overstated.

Healthy soil is the cornerstone of robust plant growth, influencing everything from nutrient uptake to resistance against pests and diseases. It also plays a key role in larger ecological processes, such as carbon sequestration, water retention, and erosion control. A rich and diverse soil microbiome contributes to the physical structure of the soil, enhancing its ability to support plant roots and retain moisture. Conversely, disrupted or degraded soils often lack the microbial diversity necessary to sustain these crucial functions, resulting in poor plant performance and increased environmental vulnerability.

In essence, by recognizing and fostering the various organisms within the soil food web, gardeners, farmers, and land stewards can promote more sustainable and resilient ecosystems. This approach aligns with broader environmental goals, offering a pathway toward more sustainable agricultural practices, improved food security, and enhanced ecosystem services. As we delve deeper into the roles of specific microorganisms like bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and nematodes in subsequent sections, the interconnected nature of the soil food web will become ever more apparent, underscoring the need for integrated soil management practices.

The Role of Bacteria and Archaea in Soil Health

Bacteria and archaea play indispensable roles in the health of soil ecosystems. Despite their microscopic size, these organisms are powerhouses of activity, driving numerous essential processes that underpin plant health and soil fertility. In “Teaming with Microbes,” Jeff Lowenfels delves deeply into the crucial functions these microorganisms perform, their interactions within the soil food web, and the methods gardeners and farmers can employ to enhance their beneficial activities.

Bacteria

Are among the most prolific and versatile organisms in the soil. They execute a plethora of functions that are vital for nutrient cycling. A significant role of bacteria is the decomposition of organic matter. By breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules, bacteria help recycle essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, making them available to plants. This process is particularly important for the formation of humus, a stable component of soil organic matter that improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability.

Another critical function of soil bacteria is nitrogen fixation. Certain bacteria, known as diazotrophs, have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants can readily absorb and utilize. This symbiotic relationship is most famously illustrated by the Rhizobia bacteria, which form nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. Inside these nodules, the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants, enhancing plant growth and reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

Archaea

Though similar to bacteria in many ways, have distinct roles in soil ecosystems. One of their most notable contributions is participation in methanogenesis, the production of methane under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions. Methanogenic archaea thrive in water-logged or compacted soils where oxygen is limited. While methane production can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, in a balanced ecosystem, these archaea play a role in carbon cycling, breaking down organic materials that bacteria and fungi cannot decompose under aerobic conditions.

Both bacteria and archaea contribute significantly to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. By outcompeting harmful microbes for resources and space or by producing antimicrobial compounds, these beneficial microorganisms help maintain a healthy soil microbiome and reduce the incidence of plant diseases.

Promoting beneficial bacterial and archaeal activity

Incorporating organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, into the soil provides a food source for these microorganisms, encouraging their growth and activity. Minimizing soil disturbance through reduced tillage practices helps maintain the complex soil structures that support microbial habitats. Additionally, avoiding the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is crucial, as these can disrupt microbial communities and diminish their beneficial effects.

They are fundamental to the health and productivity of soil ecosystems. Their roles in nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, pathogen suppression, and organic matter decomposition are irreplaceable. By understanding these functions and employing methods to foster a thriving microbial community, gardeners and farmers can enhance soil health, promote sustainable plant growth, and contribute to the overall resilience of agricultural ecosystems.

The Critical Functions of Fungi in the Soil Ecosystem

Fungi play a vital role in the soil ecosystem and exhibit fascinating functions that are crucial for plant health and overall soil structure. Two main types of fungi dominate the soil environment: mycorrhizal fungi and saprophytic fungi. Understanding the distinct roles of these fungi can shed light on their unparalleled importance in soil ecosystems.

Mycorrhizal fungi

They establish a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, forming intricate networks called mycorrhizae. These networks significantly enhance a plant’s ability to absorb nutrients and water. Mycorrhizal fungi extend far beyond the root zone, accessing nutrients that roots alone cannot reach. They are particularly effective at solubilizing phosphorus, a vital nutrient often locked in soil particles, and transporting it back to the host plant. This symbiotic exchange not only aids plant growth but also enhances the plant’s resistance to stress and pathogens.

Saprophytic fungi

These, are decomposers. They break down dead organic matter into simpler compounds, such as leaf litter, wood, and other organic debris. This decomposition process is essential for nutrient cycling, as it releases critical nutrients back into the soil, making them available for uptake by plants. Saprophytic fungi are pivotal in maintaining the humus layer of the soil, which is crucial for retaining moisture and fostering a hospitable environment for other microorganisms.

Fungi contribute significantly to the physical structure of the soil as well. The mycelium—extensive networks of fungal filaments—binds soil particles together, enhancing soil aggregation. This leads to improved soil structure, with better aeration and water retention. Fungal networks create macro-pores in the soil, which facilitate the movement of air, water, and roots through the soil profile. These structures are essential for creating a resilient and thriving soil environment.

Encouraging beneficial fungal growth

This can be achieved through several best practices. First, minimizing soil disturbance is crucial. Tilling and other disruptive practices can break up fungal networks and deplete their populations. Instead, adopting no-till or reduced-till farming practices can preserve these beneficial fungi. Incorporating organic matter into the soil is another effective way to promote fungal growth. Organic matter serves as both food and habitat for fungi. Composting, mulching, and cover cropping introduce ample organic material into the soil, supporting a thriving fungal community. It’s also important to maintain soil pH within the optimal range for fungal activity, typically between 5.5 and 7.5. This can be achieved through thoughtful soil amendments and regular soil testing.

Protists and Nematodes – The Lesser-Known Soil Dwellers

Protists and nematodes may not be as well-known as bacteria and fungi, but they play crucial roles in the health and functionality of the soil ecosystem. These microscopic and often overlooked organisms are vital components of the Soil Food Web, contributing significantly to nutrient cycling, plant health, and soil quality.

Protists

Encompass a diverse group of single-celled organisms, including amoebas, ciliates, and flagellates. These microorganisms thrive in the thin films of water that coat soil particles, making them active participants in the soil food web. Protists primarily feed on bacteria, helping to control bacterial populations and prevent any single species from dominating and destabilizing the soil ecosystem. Through predation, protists recycle nutrients, making them available to plants and other soil organisms. By digesting bacteria and releasing nitrogen in the form of ammonium, protists play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle, enhancing plant growth and soil fertility.

Nematodes, or roundworms

Are another important group of soil dwellers. These tiny, worm-like creatures live in the water films surrounding soil particles and have a range of dietary preferences. Some nematodes are bacterial feeders, while others prefer fungi, protozoa, or even plant roots. Predatory nematodes feed on other nematodes and small soil organisms. In agricultural soils, the presence of beneficial nematode species can suppress soil-borne diseases and pests by preying on harmful nematodes and insects. Their activities help regulate the populations of other soil organisms, contributing to a balanced and resilient soil ecosystem.

Interactions between protists, nematodes, and other soil microorganisms are complex and dynamic. Protists, by feeding on bacteria, indirectly affect nematode populations that feed on bacteria and fungi. Similarly, predatory nematodes can influence the abundance and activity of other soil organisms. These interactions drive the nutrient cycles and energy flows that sustain healthy soil systems. For instance, nematodes and protists release nutrients locked in organic matter through their digestive processes, making these nutrients available for plant uptake.

The impact of protists and nematodes

Through their feeding activities, these organisms enhance nutrient availability, improve soil structure, and suppress pathogens. Nematodes that feed on plant roots can be harmful in excessive numbers, causing root damage and decreasing plant vitality. However, their presence in moderate numbers can stimulate root growth and nutrient absorption by creating microchannels in the soil, which improve aeration and water infiltration. Furthermore, some nematodes release plant growth-promoting substances, further supporting plant health.

Building and Maintaining a Healthy Soil Microbiome

Creating and sustaining a vibrant soil microbiome begins with a comprehensive understanding of your soil’s current health. To start, a soil health assessment is crucial. This assessment typically includes testing for pH levels, nutrient composition, and the presence of organic matter. It’s advantageous to include a biological assay that identifies key microbial populations within your soil.

Once the health of your soil has been established, the next step is to improve and maintain it through the addition of compost and organic matter. Compost acts as a powerhouse for enriching the soil microbiome. High-quality compost is not just decomposed organic matter; it is a bustling community of microbes that include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and even nematodes. These organisms play pivotal roles in breaking down complex organic materials into forms that plants can absorb. The addition of compost not only introduces beneficial microbes but also enhances the soil’s physical structure, promoting better aeration and water retention.

Learnt anything? Comment your thoughts below

Posted on 26 June 202417 January 2025 by Joe

5 Common Pests & Diseases

Healthy and robust plants are less attractive to pests and diseases, however weak and malnourished plants are attacked more easily. At the same time, healthy plants are better equipped to deal with the attack, while the weak will be less able to cope. Early detection of the problem is a major factor in its eradication.

In outdoor cultivation, we can count on the help of certain plants. For deterrence of cannabis pests, companion plants such as Nasturtium, Chinese Carnation, basil, wormwood and sage can be planted to form a micro-balanced and self-regulating ecosystem. Generally, flowers and herbs help ward off pests and attract beneficial insects to our garden.

Let’s look at some more methods for the treatment of the 5 most common pests in the South African climate. We always aim for ecological solutions, as cannabis is a product intended for human consumption.

Spider mites

Spider mites are tiny arachnids, often less than 1 millimetre in size, that infest various plants. These pests are known for their ability to reproduce rapidly, leading to severe infestations if not managed promptly. Spider mites feed on plant sap by piercing plant cells with their mouthparts, causing damage that appears as tiny yellow or white spots on leaves. Over time, this feeding can lead to leaf discolouration, wilting, and even plant death. Spider mites thrive in hot, dry conditions and are commonly found on the undersides of leaves, where they spin fine webs as they feed and reproduce.

What to do:

A simple homemade remedy to control spider mites involves using a mixture of water and mild liquid soap. Combine two tablespoons of liquid dish soap with one quart of water in a spray bottle. I add a teaspoon of cayenne pepper too. Shake the mixture well and spray it directly onto the affected plants, ensuring to cover the undersides of the leaves where spider mites are likely hiding. The soap solution works by suffocating the mites and disrupting their cell membranes. The pepper will act as a deterrent, helping get rid of the mites. For best results, apply the solution in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects and to minimize the risk of leaf burn from sunlight. Reapply every few days until the infestation is under control.

We have the options here of help from certain organic products and predatory insects:

The most effective red spider mite predators are Phytoseiulus persimilis, and Amblyseius californicus which can be bought online. Always follow the retailer’s directions closely. We must remember that if we use live predators we should, under no circumstances use pesticides too, even organic ones. Notably, temperatures above 26 degrees and low relative humidity favour their proliferation.

Well-known organic remedies include wettable sulfur, potassium soap, pyrethrins, neem, or natural products that have extracts of cinnamon, camomile or wormwood.

White fly

Whiteflies are small, winged insects that belong to the family Aleyrodidae. They are typically found on the undersides of leaves and are known for their white, powdery wings. Whiteflies feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients and weakening the plant. This feeding process can lead to yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and a general decline in plant health.

Additionally, whiteflies excrete a sticky substance called honeydew, which can attract sooty mould, further harming the plant and reducing its ability to photosynthesize effectively.

What to do:

Both for early detection and for eradication, chromatic traps (sometimes also called ‘cues’) are a good call. These insects are attracted to the color yellow, and become stuck in the traps.

Good organic remedies include neem, pyrethrum and other medicinal plants (such as Nasturtium, Marigold, Onions and Garlic) are also effective.

A homemade remedy to control whiteflies involves using a mixture of water, liquid dish soap, and neem oil. In a spray bottle, combine one quart of water with one tablespoon of liquid dish soap and one teaspoon of neem oil. Shake the mixture well and spray it onto the affected plants, focusing on the undersides of the leaves where whiteflies congregate. The soap helps to suffocate the insects, while neem oil acts as a natural insect repellent and disrupts the life cycle of the whiteflies. Apply this solution in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects and to prevent leaf burn. Reapply every few days until the whitefly population is under control.

As the most effective remedy we have some natural predators – in this case, the very effective Encarsia Formosa wasps, Macrolophus (also good for spider mites) or Amblyseius swirskii, which stands out amongst others for its effectiveness and resistance to high temperatures.

Caterpillars

Caterpillars are the larval stage of butterflies and moths, belonging to the order Lepidoptera. These larvae are typically elongated, soft-bodied, and segmented, with varying colours and patterns depending on the species. Caterpillars are voracious feeders, primarily consuming leaves and other plant parts, which can lead to significant damage in gardens and agricultural crops. As they feed, they create holes and ragged edges on leaves, weakening the plants and affecting their growth and productivity. Some caterpillar species can also burrow into fruits and stems, causing further harm to the plants. Caterpillars cause great damage outdoors and in the greenhouse or polytunnel. They are difficult to combat and can leave growers defeated.

What to do:

Spotting them early and taking preventative action would be the ideal way of going about them. Once they get going, you can lose crop overnight without seeing any damage… Until it is too late and buds are falling off from the plants.

A homemade remedy to control caterpillars without using bacteria involves a mixture of water and chili pepper. To make this solution, blend two fresh chili peppers with one quart of water until smooth. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or fine mesh to remove any solid particles, then pour the liquid into a spray bottle. Add a few drops of liquid dish soap to help the solution adhere to the leaves.

Spray the chilli pepper solution onto the affected plants, focusing on areas where caterpillars are present. The capsaicin in the chilli peppers acts as a natural deterrent, making the leaves unpalatable to caterpillars. Be sure to apply the spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects and to prevent leaf burn from sunlight. Reapply every few days or after rainfall until the caterpillar population is under control.

Another way is pheromone trapping. Pheromones are chemicals produced by females to attract males. They consist of a trap for adult butterflies and moths; males are attracted to pheromone tablets and poisoned, thus disrupting the reproductive cycle and preventing Caterpillar proliferation.If you are growing in a greenhouse, it is worth using fabrics or nets.

Another weapon is Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that attacks the digestive system of caterpillars causing them to die of starvation. However, we recommend a selective use of them because many applications may have residual effects on our buds. Steinernema carpocapsae is another predator, a microscopic roundworm that lives in the soil, and is an entomopathogenic nematode.

Powdery mildew

Powdery mildew is a common fungal disease that affects a wide variety of plants, characterized by white or greyish powdery spots that form on the leaves, stems, and sometimes flowers and fruits. This disease thrives in warm, dry climates and can spread rapidly, covering entire plant surfaces if not controlled. The powdery coating can block sunlight, reducing photosynthesis and weakening the plant. Infected leaves may become distorted, turn yellow, and eventually drop off, leading to reduced plant vigour and yield.

What to do:

Fungi are very, very difficult to combat, once they appear, both outdoors and indoors. It is possible to take preventive measures such as proper ventilation and humidity control, and good spacing between plants. As for treatments we have with sulfur, horsetail, nettle extracts, cinnamon, and Propolix. There are also specific microorganism extracts which inhibit the growth of the fungus.

A simple homemade remedy to control powdery mildew involves using a mixture of baking soda and water. Combine one tablespoon of baking soda with one quart of water in a spray bottle. To enhance the effectiveness, add half a teaspoon of liquid dish soap, which helps the solution stick to the leaves. Shake the mixture well and spray it onto the affected plants, thoroughly covering all surfaces, including the undersides of leaves. The baking soda alters the pH level on the leaf surface, creating an environment that is inhospitable to the powdery mildew fungus. For best results, apply the solution in the early morning or late evening and reapply once a week or after rain until the powdery mildew is under control.

Botrytis

Botrytis, commonly known as grey mould, is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants, especially in cool, damp conditions. It is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, which produces greyish-brown, fuzzy spores on the surfaces of infected plant tissues. This disease can affect leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, leading to soft, rotting areas that may be covered with the characteristic grey mould. Botrytis can spread rapidly, particularly in humid environments, causing extensive damage to crops and ornamental plants by promoting decay and inhibiting growth.

Also very difficult to combat and prevent. Spores of all fungi, float in the air and spread very quickly. Botrytis is perhaps the most difficult fungus to fight.

What to do:

Trichoderma harzianum is a natural fungicide which colonizes the root, can act as a protective barrier act minimizing the spread of pathogenic fungus. Other options include Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus velezensis, bacterias that slow the spread of Botrytis. Wormwood extract and thyme are also useful for preventing this.

Once Botrytis is detected, manually or with scissors, remove the infected buds, place them quickly into a bag and throw them away. Remove the entire plant if it is too affected in order to minimize its spread.

We see that insects in general are a little less difficult to combat, because their life cycle, although very fast, is much slower than that of fungi. However, the best way to prevent significant loss is to closely observe your plants, as early detection is always the best control tool. If you take care of your plants they will take care of you.

Posted on 19 June 202415 January 2025 by Joe

What is Compost Tea?

Compost tea is a natural gem in the realm of organic gardening. This simple, yet potent brew, made by steeping quality compost in water, unlocks a trove of beneficial nutrients and microorganisms. It’s more than just a fertilizer; it’s a life-enhancing elixir for plants, enriching soil health and bolstering plant resilience in an eco-friendly way.

This liquid gold will give your garden life and make you much better at organic growing. Revitalising your plants’ overall health.

What is Compost Tea?

Compost tea is a liquid extract derived from compost and is packed with beneficial microorganisms and nutrients essential for garden vitality. It is a unique and organic solution that has become a favourite among gardeners for its ability to enhance soil and plant health naturally.

The Brewing Process:

Brewing compost tea involves steeping compost in water, which is akin to making a giant tea bag filled with compost. During this process, the water becomes enriched with soluble nutrients and beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes.

The key to successful compost tea lies in maintaining a well-aerated environment during the brewing process, which encourages the growth and multiplication of these beneficial organisms.

Aerated Compost Tea (ACT):

Contains all the species of organisms that were in the compost. Thus the compost has to be “tea-quality”. Those organisms selected by the temperature, foods present, nutrient composition, and oxygen content in the tea brew grow during the brewing process. When oxygen drops below a certain level, nutrients can be lost and disease-causing organisms may grow. Oxygen content is critical, but so is the diversity of aerobic organisms. The competitive set of organisms must be present to prevent pathogen growth. The amount of food added must be limited to enough to attain maximum growth of desired organisms but not so much that oxygen concentration drops below the aerobic level. Balance is critical – maximize growth, but maintain aerobic conditions. Machine cleanliness is important too. Anaerobic biofilms growing in the machine can result in poor-quality tea. Documenting that a consistent, plant-beneficial product is always made is paramount.

Non-Aerated Compost Tea (NCT):

Requires that low oxygen levels are reached, and this needs to be documented in order to make the claim that this kind of product was made. Certain organisms make specific toxins which combat disease- and pest-organisms. These toxins, like antibiotics, are only made in certain conditions. Machine, recipe, oxygen management and compost used must be documented and understood. The biology in an anaerobic tea is limited to basically anaerobic bacteria and yeasts. Since the set of organisms is so significantly altered from what occurs in aerobic compost, anaerobically brewed teas should not be called compost tea, but designated specifically as anaerobic tea.

Enhanced Plant Nutrition and Growth:

Compost tea is a direct source of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements, which are readily available for plant uptake. This immediate nutrient supply can lead to more robust and vigorous plant growth. The microorganisms in compost tea play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter in the soil, thereby improving nutrient cycling and making existing soil nutrients more available to plants.

Disease and Pest Resistance:

Bacteria occupy most of the leaf or root surface and thus are most effective at consuming the food resources that the disease-causing organisms would otherwise consume. Bacteria occupy most of the infection sites, which would otherwise be occupied by the disease-causing organisms. In soil, bacteria have additional functions beyond consuming foods and occupying infection sites, they also retain nutrients (N, P, S, Ca, Fe, etc) in their biomass. Your Compost Tea needs a healthy balance of bacteria, fungi and micro-organisms.

Overall Benefits

Pathogens cannot infect the plant tissues because the specific infection sites on the plant surface is already occupied by beneficial organisms;
Disease-causing organisms have no food and cannot grow because the exudates produced by the plant are used by the beneficial species present on the plant tissues before the disease-causing organisms arrive;
Spaces on the surfaces of plant are physically occupied by beneficial organisms. The pests and pathogens cannot reach the plant surface, and Disease cannot occur;
Plants take up nutrients in the tea needed to allow them to resist infection more rapidly because the beneficial biology influences leaf surface gas concentrations, causing stomates to open sooner and for a longer time;
Food resources in the tea allow beneficial microorganisms to grow, protecting plant surfaces;
Nutrients are retained on the leaf surface and become available to the plant with time, improving plant nutrition and health;
soil structure is improved and more oxygen reaches the root system,preventing toxins from being produced in the soil, increasing plant health;

DIY and Cost-Effective:

Making your own compost tea is a cost-effective solution compared to buying commercial fertilizers and plant treatments. It can be made at home using simple ingredients and equipment.

Ingredients for the Perfect Compost Tea Recipe

Creating the perfect compost tea is akin to crafting a gourmet meal for your garden. Each ingredient plays a vital role in the final product’s quality and effectiveness.

Here’s a closer look at what you’ll need and why each ingredient is important.

Organic Compost: The Foundation

Quality Matters. The compost is the heart of your tea. It should be well-aged, rich in organic matter, and free from any harmful pathogens or chemicals. Homemade compost is ideal, but store-bought organic compost works well too. Worm castings, Bat guano also can make a base for Compost tea. Compost made from a diverse range of organic materials (like leaves/woodchips, kitchen bokashi, and grass clippings) will lead to a more nutrient-rich and microbiologically diverse tea.

Water: The Medium

Non-chlorinated is key. Chlorine in tap water can kill the beneficial microorganisms in compost.

Use rainwater, or pond water(might not be best), or let tap water sit out for 24 hours to allow the chlorine to evaporate. An old trick would be to stick your arm in the water for a while. Your skin will absorb the chlorine and clean the water too. Might cut down the waiting time… but this is a 2 cents type of deal here. Room temperature water is ideal as extreme hot or cold can shock the microorganisms.

Air Pump: Oxygen Supplier

Aeration for Microbial Growth. Oxygen is crucial for fostering aerobic microorganisms.

An air pump ensures the tea remains well-oxygenated, preventing the growth of harmful anaerobic bacteria. One can be bought either online or at your local fish shop or nursery. Some of these online stores are my go-to:

Marijuana SA

Hydroponic.co.za

Cleanliness is Crucial:

Ensure the container is clean to prevent any contamination of the tea.

4. Fuel/Food

Molasses is the preferred sugar of choice. This will help stimulate the growth of bacteria and microorganisms in your compost tea. Ensure that you do not overdo your fuel source as this in large can also slow or cap off the growth.

Step-by-Step Guide: Making Your Own Compost Tea

Creating compost tea is a straightforward process, but attention to detail can make a significant difference in the quality of the final product.

Step 1: Gather Your Materials

Prepare Your Ingredients: Assemble your organic compost, non-chlorinated water, air pump, and brewing container. Find a cheese cloth-type bag to put all your material in. Placethis in your brewing container.

The amounts you will make will be dependent on your needs. I have always eyeballed my ingredients in honesty.

Cleaning: Ensure all equipment is clean to prevent contamination.

Step 2: Add Water

Add non-chlorinated water to the bucket, leaving some space at the top to prevent spillage during aeration.

Step 3: Aerate the Mixture

Set Up the Air Pump:

Attach air stones or diffusers to the air pump and place them at the bottom of the bucket. Keep the air pump running continuously to supply oxygen. This step is crucial for encouraging the growth of beneficial aerobic microbes.

Step 4: Brewing Time

Allow the mixture to brew for 24-48 hours. The exact time can depend on the ambient temperature and the desired microbial activity. Check the brew occasionally to ensure that the aeration is consistent and the temperature is stable.

Step 5: Strain and Use

Once brewing is complete, strain the liquid to remove solid particles. Use a cheesecloth, fine mesh, or a paint strainer bag. It is not crucial to strain the compost tea if you plan on using it as a soil drench.

Application:

Apply the tea as soon as possible after brewing for maximum effectiveness. Dilute with water if it appears too concentrated.

Step 6: Clean Up

Clean all equipment thoroughly after use to prevent any buildup of residual compost or mould. This step is so important and often overlooked. If you avoid this you will find that bacteria will build up on your air hoses and stones and that you can get sludge. This will increase your chances of an anaerobic reaction occurring as well as the batch being contaminated and smelling off.

Application Methods:

Foliar Spray:

Applying compost tea as a foliar spray is a great way to provide nutrients directly to the leaves and can help with disease prevention.
Ensure the spray is fine and covers the leaves evenly.

Soil Drench:

Pouring compost tea around the roots or base of the plant helps improve soil quality and root health.
This method is beneficial for providing nutrients directly to the root zone.

Precautions and Best Practices

Ensure the spraying equipment is clean to prevent the spread of any disease.
Be cautious when applying to young seedlings or very delicate plants. It’s always better to start with a more diluted solution.
Observe how your plants react to the compost tea and adjust your application method and frequency accordingly.

Tips for Success:

Brew at a temperature between 12°C and 24°C for optimal microbial activity.
Brewing beyond 48 hours can lead to the development of harmful anaerobic bacteria.
If unsure of the concentration, it’s safer to dilute the tea more rather than less. A general guideline is a 1:10 ratio of tea to water.

Using Compost Tea

A general guideline is a 1:10 ratio of tea to water, but this can vary based on the strength of your brew and the sensitivity of your plants.

Application Methods:

Foliar Spray:

Applying compost tea as a foliar spray is a great way to provide nutrients directly to the leaves and can help with disease prevention.
Ensure the spray is fine and covers the leaves evenly.

Soil Drench:

Pouring compost tea around the roots or base of the plant helps improve soil quality and root health.
This method is beneficial for providing nutrients directly to the root zone.

Precautions and Best Practices

Ensure the spraying equipment is clean to prevent the spread of any disease.
Be cautious when applying to young seedlings or very delicate plants. It’s always better to start with a more diluted solution.
Observe how your plants react to the compost tea and adjust your application method and frequency accordingly.

Posted on 12 June 20242 October 2024 by Joe

What is HHC?

HHC (hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol) is a THC relative long known to science, but until recently not often discussed by cannabis users. HHC is a minor cannabinoid; it occurs naturally in cannabis, but in amounts too small to make extraction cost-effective. Since commercial production of HHC is just getting off the ground, it’s still not widely known.

Most cannabinoids can be converted to other cannabinoids by altering the chemistry of the molecules. Like 𝚫-8 THC and 𝚫-10 THC, commercial HHC is made from hemp-derived CBD in a lab through chemical processes. HHC has one major legal advantage over 𝚫-8 and 𝚫-10: it isn’t called THC.

My quick 2 cents…

Is any of this even important to you? I believe so. We need to understand cannabis better. And not being aware of semi-synthetic cannabinoids can leave us open to harm and misinformation. Regular cannabis users are more likely to never encounter HHC because they will most likely opt-in for flower or regular concentrate that they know. But newer medical users, or recreational users will be very open to it all as this is a new world. The industry is booming and there are so many flashy things now, it really is not difficult to buy incorrectly.

How is HHC produced?

It was discovered in the 1940s by chemist Roger Adams. He created HHC by adding hydrogen to the THC molecule and altering its physical properties. The process, called hydrogenation, is first described in a 1947 patent document. Hydrogenation modifies the structure of 𝚫-9 THC by replacing a double bond with two hydrogen atoms, which changes its molecular weight and also makes it more stable. According to Mark Scialdone, a chemist and BR Brands Chief Science Officer, hydrogenation improves “stability and resistance to thermo-oxidative breakdown”—which means HHC has a longer shelf life and is less prone to damage caused by UV light and heat.

Does HHC get you high? Does it have side effects?

This is kind of tricky. Although HHC isn’t technically a THC, it does produce similar effects—if you use enough of it. When it’s produced in the lab, an HHC batch is a mix of active and inactive HHC molecules. The active HHC binds well with your body’s cannabinoid receptors; the others don’t.

Manufacturers haven’t yet figured out a cost-effective way to separate high-potency HHC from its low-potency twin, so commercial HHC—which is a mix of the two forms—may be a waste of money to the consumer. But HHC does have noticeable effects. Reports from users generally describe the HHC high as being somewhere between 𝚫-8 and 𝚫-9 THC.

Pretty much everything we know about HHC’s effects and side effects is anecdotal. That said, users report the same set of side effects familiar to 𝚫-9 THC users: anxiety and paranoia, dry mouth, dry and red eyes, hunger, and insomnia. Personally I think that anyone who smokes real weed won’t have intense effects from this hence why it is an in-between feeling.

Will HHC show up in a drug test?

It appears that HHC may not break down in the body in the same way as THC. Unlike the 𝚫-8, 𝚫-9, and 𝚫-10 forms of THC, there is some evidence that HHC doesn’t metabolize into 11-hydroxy-THC, which is the breakdown substance many drug panels test for.

But that hasn’t been studied and isn’t certain. So far, no one knows for sure that HHC won’t leave evidence of use in your blood, urine or hair. If your employer tests for drug use, we suggest you not risk your job by using HHC.

Does HHC have medical benefits?

It hasn’t been widely studied, unlike more abundant cannabinoids like 𝚫-9 THC or CBD, but there has been some promising research. A 2011 study showed that some synthetic analogs of hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) “strongly inhibited breast cancer cell-induced angiogenesis and tumor growth.” Japanese researchers published a paper in 2007 describing HHC’s impressive pain-blocking capability in mice. But it is probably too early to say whether HHC has great promise as a therapeutic drug.

Is HHC legal and will it stay legal?

Yes, as long as it is hemp-derived and remains under the scheduled THC percentage put forth by the authorities.

Where can HHC be found?

A quick Google search brought up about a dozen online retailers offering a variety of HHC products. Most sellers offer vape carts filled with HHC oil, and many have gummies. Less common but definitely available are disposable HHC vapes, tinctures for oral consumption, and concentrates for dabbing. I first saw a HHC product in 2022, at the Sandton Cannabis Expo. It seems like most CBD stores stock them too now. So finding it is a search away.

In conclusion

If HHC remains legally viable, and especially if it becomes less expensive to manufacture high-potency HHC, this promising cannabinoid will become more available in the diverse cannabis marketplace. Even though HHC is found naturally in the cannabis plant, commercial HHC is made by hydrogenating hemp-derived cannabinoids under pressure with a catalyst like palladium. Making it still a semi-synthetic compound. Something you will have to decide for yourself if you want to ingest.

Posted on 5 June 202417 January 2025 by Joe

Lactic Acid Bacteria: An Organic Growers Powertool

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are ubiquitous microorganisms that can be beneficial in crop and livestock production. With their long history of use in food preservation by many world cultures, LABs are generally recognized as safe for human consumption.

Over the years, making Lactic acid bacteria has become a staple add-on for many growers. These microorganisms prolong storage, preserve nutritional value, and enhance flavours of otherwise perishable foods by producing lactic acid as a fermentation metabolite. LABs are easy to collect and economical to culture, store, and use. Let’s have a look at what it is and how you can make your own.

What Are Lactic Acid Bacteria?

“Lactic acid bacteria” (LAB) refers to a large group of bacteria, rather than a single species or strain, that produce lactic acid as a by-product of digesting their food source (usually carbohydrates). The lactic acid accumulates to ferment or “pickle” the food, and LAB are capable of surviving in acidic (low-pH) environments. LABs are widespread in nature and are beneficial probiotics in our digestive systems. They are among the most important groups of microorganisms used in food fermentation, contributing to the taste and texture of fermented products and inhibiting food spoilage caused by other microorganisms. LAB is responsible for the production of yoghurt, cheese, cultured butter, sour cream, sausage, kimchee, olives, and sauerkraut.

How Are LAB Cultured?

When washing rice with clean water in preparation for cooking, colonies of lactic acid bacteria can be collected in the rinse water. Microorganisms other than LAB are also present, but allowing the rice rinse water to sit for 3 to 5 days will cause LAB to become the predominant species. Since the rinse water is low in nutrients, milk is then added as a food source for the LAB. Fresh cow’s or goat’s milk, which is high in lactose (milk sugar), is an ideal food source for LAB proliferation, or culture. The best kind would be unpasteurized. This type of milk will contain fewer antibiotics.

After an additional 3 to 5 days, the LAB culture separates into solid and liquid fractions (similar to curds and whey). The liquid fraction is the LAB culture, which can be used immediately, stored under refrigeration, or kept in a cool, dark place with the addition of brown sugar. This edible culture is used in Natural Farming for both plant and livestock production. The solid fraction is edible as a soft cheese and can also be fed to livestock or composted.

LAB Culture Instructions

1. Wash rice grains and collect the first two rinses of cloudy water.

2. Fill a clean glass jar about 2 /3 full with rice rinse water. Label the jar with the date and contents.

3. Cover the mouth of the jar with breathable cloth (such as muslin) or paper (not plastic) and secure with rubber bands or ties to keep out pests. Store at room temperature away from direct light. Be careful not to shake or move the jar while it ferments.

4. After 3 to 5 days, LAB will multiply and give off a slightly sour odour. There will be a mat of semi-solid material floating on the top of the cloudy liquid in the jar. Collect only the cloudy liquid (fermented rinse water) by pouring off and discarding the mat layer.

5. Depending on the size of your glass jar, measure one part of fermented rinse water and add 10 parts of milk to fill your jar 2 /3 full.

6. As in step 3, cover the mouth of the jar with cloth or paper and secure with rubber bands or ties to keep out pests. Store at room temperature away from direct light. Be careful not to shake or move the jar while it ferments.

7. After 3 to 5 days, the contents of the jar will separate into a floating solid fraction and a yellow liquid fraction. It may take longer in cooler climates. The yellow liquid is the LAB culture, which must be kept alive.

8. Pour off the liquid fraction, being careful not to mix any solids back into the LAB culture. Store LAB culture in a loosely capped plastic or glass bottle labelled with the date and contents.

9. Any LAB culture not used within a week should be refrigerated, or if it must be kept at room temperature, add an equal amount (by weight) of brown sugar. In either case, keep the bottle loosely capped to release gases formed by fermentation, or the container may burst.

10. LAB culture may be kept refrigerated for 6 months. Continue to keep the bottle loosely capped to release gases.

11. LAB culture should have a sweet odour; if the odour becomes unpleasant (rotten) after it has been stored, discard it and make a new batch.

How Is LAB Culture Used for Plant Production?

LAB culture is diluted at a 1:1,000 ratio with water, mixed with a plant nutrient solution such as fermented plant juice (FPJ), and applied as a foliar spray to leaf surfaces of leaf or fruit crops.
Note: Over-application of LAB culture to fruit crops may result in the loss of sweetness (lowered brix) of fruits. Apply sparingly in the latter stages of the fruiting season. LAB culture can also be used in conjunction with other nutrient solutions to treat seeds before planting.

This improves seed germination, inoculates the seed with beneficial microbes, and deters fungal problems, such as “damping off”. LAB is used with IMO (indigenous microorganisms) in Natural Farming in making composts or compost teas for soil preparation before planting. Application of LAB culture can accelerate the decomposition of organic amendments in soils and enhance the release of plant nutrients for absorption.

It is also a great supplement for strengthening cellular walls and has been proven to increase terpene production in cannabis. Helps prevent powdery mildew and provides overall vitality to your plants.

How Is LAB Culture Used in Livestock Production?

LAB culture can transform a malodorous, anaerobic livestock pen, for example, into an odourless system when used in conjunction with an IMO-inoculated deep litter system. LAB culture can also be given to most livestock species to consume through their feed and/or water as a probiotic to help foster healthy gut flora, enhance their immune systems, and aid in digestion.

In Conclusion

Making LAB is simple and with time, your technique of making a strong Lactic Acid Bacteria that is highly effective will increase. I have found that I make a new batch every time I need to use LAB instead of storing my previous LAB. We eat rice often and so it is not difficult to make it. Rice water we have lots of. Give it a go and let us know what you think.

Posted on 29 May 202431 July 2024 by Joe

The Endocannabinoid System: A Brief Understanding

The endocannabinoid system feature image

Humans have used cannabis for centuries, but only in the last 50 years or so has any scientific understanding emerged as to how cannabis works within the human body. While the discovery of the first plant cannabinoids took place in the 1940s, it was not until 1964 that THC produced by the cannabis plant was first characterised and synthesised by Gaoni and Mechoulam in Israel.

The discovery of THC in 1964 sparked the search for its mechanism of action. Initially, it was postulated that THC and other cannabinoids increased cell membrane permeability. Eventually, however, the permeability hypothesis was disproved, which led to the search for a protein receptor molecule in the body with which THC might interact. The first cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the body were not found until the late 1980s. These receptors comprised a new series of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms within the body, which was named the endocannabinoid system.

Role of the Endocannabinoid System

The endocannabinoid system is a very complex regulatory system, broad in its function, and found within all complex animals, from fish to humans. It regulates diverse functions such as memory, digestion, motor function, immune response and inflammation, appetite, pain, blood pressure, bone growth, and the protection of neural tissues. The endocannabinoid system comprises three principal elements: endocannabinoid receptors; specialised molecules called endocannabinoids that interact with those receptors; and enzymes that either synthesise or metabolise these endocannabinoids.

Endocannabinoid Receptors

The two primary subtypes of classical cannabinoid receptors in the endocannabinoid system are CB1 and CB2. These receptors are distributed throughout the central nervous and immune systems and within many other tissues, including the brain, gastrointestinal system, reproductive and urinary tracts, spleen, endocrine system, heart, and circulatory system. Many of the physiological effects of cannabis were first believed to be caused by the interaction of phytocannabinoids with the CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Because the THC family of cannabinoids are the only compounds that robustly activate the CB1 receptor, some have even suggested that its name be changed from CB1 to the THC receptor. It is now known that cannabinoid interactions extend beyond the CB1 and CB2 receptors, however, and interact with other CB-type and related receptors and ion channels.

These include the so-called orphan CB receptors GPR55, GPR18, and GPR119; the transient receptor potential vanilloid-type channel (TRPV1, associated with pain transmission and typically activated by temperatures over 109ºF/43ºC, hot peppers or horseradish, and also known as the capsaicin receptor); and the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptors (PPAR-alpha and – gamma regulate important metabolic functions involving fatty acid storage, glucose metabolism, and development and progression of malignancies).

Of these, other CB-type receptors, the orphan or candidate cannabinoid receptors are becoming increasingly important to the understanding of the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are so-called “orphans” because their endogenous ligands (molecules that bind to larger molecules, such as receptors) have not been conclusively identified.

The orphan CB receptors have the following functions:

GPR55 is a receptor linked to energy homeostasis and metabolic dysregulation associated with diabetes and obesity.
GPR18 regulates disparate physiological functions ranging from intraocular pressure to cellular migration, including endometriosis and some forms of metastatic disease.
GPR30 responds to estrogen with rapid signalling.
GPR119 functions as a “fat sensor” to reduce food intake and weight gain.

Endocannabinoid Activity

The CB1 receptor is expressed throughout the brain, where endocannabinoids and CB1 combine to form a “circuit breaker,” which modulates the release of both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters across the synapse. It is the activation of the CB1 receptor that is responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis since THC mimics an endocannabinoid by binding to this receptor.

The list of brain functions that are affected by the endocannabinoid system is enormous:

Decision-making, cognition, emotions, learning, and memory, as well as regulation of bodily movement, anxiety, stress, fear, pain, body temperature, appetite, sense of reinforcement or reward, blood-brain permeability, and motor control. One brain region that does not express many CB1 receptors is the brain stem, responsible for respiration and circulation, which is a primary reason why cannabis overdoses do not cause respiratory depression and death, both of which are possible with opioid overdoses. Until a few years ago, it was believed that CB2 receptors were only primarily found in immune and blood cells, tonsils, and the spleen.

From these sites, CB2 receptors controlled the release of cytokines (immunoregulatory proteins) linked to inflammation and general immune function throughout the body. Recently, with the advent of better probes and methods, CB2 expression has been identified in key regions of the brain, including the hippocampus. CB2 has been shown to modulate midbrain reward circuitry, such as the self-administration of cocaine. In the hippocampus, CB2 receptors appear to modulate self-activity and information flow between brain networks, potentially assisting in the selection of inputs that may guide complex behaviours.

Targeting the Endocannabinoid System with Drugs

The endocannabinoid system as a target for drug delivery goes well beyond the use of cannabis. Cannabinoid-based medicines can either enhance or interfere with the endocannabinoid system’s balancing act, by targeting receptors, the endocannabinoids, or the enzymes that synthesize or degrade those endocannabinoids. However, designing drugs that interact safely with the endocannabinoid system is difficult, and drugs that antagonize or interfere with the function of cannabinoid receptors have met with decidedly mixed success.

Regardless, the positives outweigh the negatives in that regard and with ongoing research our dosing and titrations will only get better.

Have you ever heard of the Endocannabinoid system? Let us know your thoughts below.

Resources Below

Posted on 22 May 202415 January 2025 by Joe

The Benefits of Juicing Cannabis

Introduction

Pressed vegetable juices are growing in popularity on a global scale, and it’s no surprise that medical marijuana patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals are now exploring the health benefits of juicing the cannabis plant. We know far and well that there is a medical benefit to using cannabis. But when the plant is psychoactive your body can only absorb so much cannabinoids. This article delves into the numerous advantages of juicing cannabis, its nutritional profile, and practical tips on how to incorporate this powerful plant into your daily routine. Increasing your overall well-being and absorption rate of the medicine you are trying to take.

What is Juicing?

Juicing involves extracting the liquid from fresh fruits and vegetables. This process retains most of the vitamins, minerals, and plant chemicals (phytonutrients) found in the whole vegetable. Commonly juiced vegetables include carrots, beets, kale, and spinach. Juicing offers a convenient way to consume a concentrated dose of these nutrients. Often added to breakfast or drank as a meal replacement. A fresh press juice machine is most likely at your favourite breakfast place, as it truly has become a staple to the breakfast menu.

Why Juice Cannabis?

Cannabis is unique among vegetables due to its high concentration of cannabinoid acids, like THCA, CBDA, and CBGA, which have significant medicinal benefits. Unlike traditional methods of consuming cannabis, juicing allows you to benefit from these compounds without the psychoactive effects. You get to ingest cannabis and benefit from it medically 100% in this manner. And yes believe it or not. Cannabis is actually a vegetable.

Nutritional Profile of Raw Cannabis

Raw cannabis is packed with essential nutrients such as fibre, iron, calcium, and a variety of vitamins. The cannabinoids THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), and CBGA (cannabigerolic acid) are particularly noteworthy for their health benefits. These acids are of a plethora of cannabinoids found in cannabis. The ‘main ones’ we are aware of. THCA, CBDA and CBGA have all been studied to date with positive and amazing health benefits. As acids, the body can absorb almost all the bioavailable nutrients and minerals given by the juice.

Health Benefits of Juicing Cannabis

Anti-inflammatory Properties

Cannabinoids have potent anti-inflammatory effects. Juicing raw cannabis helps reduce inflammation by enabling two-way communication between immune cells and nerves, which is crucial for managing chronic inflammation. There has also been great studies to show that CBGA can greatly reduce bladder inflammation specifically.

Antioxidant Benefits

The high concentration of cannabinoid acids in raw cannabis acts as powerful antioxidants, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. This can reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall health. Here CBDA has been proven to be the aider in this anti-oxidant recovery in cells.

Neuroprotective Effects

Cannabinoids in raw cannabis support neuroprotective functions, which can help in maintaining brain health and potentially preventing neurodegenerative diseases. THCA and CBDA are once again the main components to make this happen. This is very interesting as most would say that psychoactive THC will most likely slow down the neuroprotective functions. This also is not 100% true.

Two-Way Communication With Nerve Cells

One-way traffic to nerves is a primary cause of inflammation. Immune cells are continuously attacked without communication to calm the nerves. Cannabinoids enable two-way communication, reducing inflammation and fighting symptoms.

Dr. William Courtney,

a dietary raw cannabis specialist, emphasizes the importance of consuming raw cannabis. He recommends juicing 15 leaves and 2 large raw buds daily. According to Dr. Courtney, this provides a substantial dose of beneficial cannabinoids without the psychoactive effects of THC. When looking at my personal results, I can say that it has given the house extra energy and how health has improved. One can almost say that it is easier to notice the benefits once you stop taking the supplement compared to when you are taking it one cannot always say that you ‘feel’ better.

Scientific Backing

Studies show that raw cannabis can significantly benefit health. SAPHRA has approved a tolerable CBD dose of 600 mg/day, highlighting the potential of raw cannabis juice as a powerful dietary supplement. Consuming raw cannabis allows for higher cannabinoid intake compared to smoking or vaporising.

How to Juice Raw Cannabis

Importance of Fresh Cannabis

Fresh cannabis is crucial for juicing. Dried cannabis prepared for smoking is unsuitable. Ensure your cannabis is freshly picked and free from pesticides or contaminants.

Step-by-Step Juicing Process

Gather Fresh Cannabis: Collect 15 leaves and 2 large buds.

Prepare Other Vegetables: Mix with other vegetable juices like carrot juice to reduce bitterness.

Juice the Cannabis: Use a high-quality juicer.

Store Properly: Split the juice into 3 parts, store in a sealed container, and refrigerate for up to 3 days.

Growing Your Own Cannabis

To ensure access to fresh cannabis, consider growing your own plants. As South Africans, we have the right to grow our own and you should. We are not saying sustain yourself off your own cannabis cultivation, but what we suggest is growing cannabis year round whether it is one or two plants in order to be able to have fresh leaves at least to juice. When harvesting season comes. Consider harvesting fresh flowers and putting them aside for your juicing. During the vegetative stages, I grab roughly 28g of foliage from the plants.

Combining Cannabis Juice with Other Juices

Mixing cannabis juice with other vegetable juices helps mask its bitterness. Carrot juice is a popular choice. A 1:10 ratio of cannabis juice to carrot juice is recommended. Also, add the usual suspects like beets, oranges, lemons, apples and or pears in your mix. Split your cannabis juice intake into three servings, one with each meal. This maximises absorption and maintains a steady level of cannabinoids in your system throughout the day. Don’t forget to shake your juice before you drink it.

Conclusion

Juicing cannabis offers a plethora of health benefits, from reducing inflammation to providing powerful antioxidants and neuroprotective effects. By incorporating raw cannabis juice into your daily routine, you can take advantage of its nutritional and medicinal properties without experiencing psychoactive effects. Embrace this natural remedy and explore the potential it holds for improving your health and well-being.

Have you tried it before? Let us know what your favourite Cannabis Juice recipe is below.

Posted on 15 May 202422 January 2025 by Joe

Do you even speak Terpenes?

Terpenes are the aromatic compounds responsible for the distinctive scents and flavours found in various plants, including cannabis. In recent years, terpenes have gained significant attention within the cannabis community for their role in shaping the overall cannabis experience. So much so, that certain dispensaries list the chemo-var first before the strain name. This classifies the plant according to its chemical compounds. Chemovars considers the plant’s most potent cannabinoids and up to four primary terpenes, which make up most of the plant’s therapeutic, psychoactive, and flavour profile. Let’s delve deeper into the world of terpenes and explore why they matter.

What are Terpenes?

Terpenes are organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the characteristic smells and flavours associated with different plant species. Terpenes serve a protective function in plants, helping to deter herbivores and attract beneficial predators. In cannabis, terpenes are secreted in the same glandular trichomes that produce cannabinoids like THC and CBD.

Terpenes in Cannabis

Cannabis plants contain a diverse array of terpenes, each contributing to the unique qualities of different strains. These terpenes are not only responsible for the aroma and flavour but also play a significant role in the effects experienced by users. The synergy between terpenes and cannabinoids creates what is known as the entourage effect, where these compounds work together to enhance therapeutic benefits. This synergy between the two is truly remarkable. As we learn more about terpenes we find that the healing and entourage effect stems from the complexity of terpenes that the cannabis plant produces.

Common Terpenes Found in Cannabis

Several terpenes are commonly found in cannabis, each with its own distinct properties:

Limonene: Citrusy aroma, associated with mood elevation and stress relief.

Myrcene: Earthy and musky scent, known for its relaxing effects.

Pinene: Pine-like aroma, may have anti-inflammatory properties.

Linalool: Floral and lavender-like scent, often used for its calming effects.

Effects of Terpenes

They can modulate the effects of cannabinoids by interacting with receptors in the brain. For example, limonene is thought to elevate mood and reduce stress, while myrcene contributes to sedative effects. The specific combination and concentration of terpenes in a strain determine its unique effects on the body and mind.

Recognizing Terpenes in Cannabis

The ability to identify different terpenes based on their aromas is essential for cannabis enthusiasts. Each strain has a distinct smell profile influenced by its terpene composition. Learning to recognize these aromas can enhance the appreciation of cannabis and aid in selecting strains that suit individual preferences. Note that as the cannabis flowers mature towards ripening the terpenes and flavonoids fluctuate and change. As these oil compounds are fragile in certain conditions it is always advised when growing. To monitor the oil production and check to see if they are mature enough to harvest. Also when purchasing, it is important to note that the same strain might not produce the same amounts of terpenes. Hence why it is important to know how you will react to certain terpenes.

Focusing on the chemical compounds produced it becomes easier to target ailments as well as avoid giving someone a strain of cannabis that could spike their anxiety for example. Just because the strain is labelled “indica” does not mean that it will only have sedative effects.

How Terpenes Enhance the Cannabis Experience

They play a crucial role in enhancing the overall cannabis experience. Beyond just taste and smell, terpenes contribute to the therapeutic effects and nuances of each strain. They can influence mood, relaxation, and even physical sensations, making them a key factor in selecting the right strain for desired outcomes.

The Science Behind Terpenes

Recent research has shed light on the therapeutic potential of terpenes beyond their aromatic qualities. Studies suggest that terpenes can have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects. Understanding the science behind terpenes opens up new possibilities for utilizing these compounds in various applications. There are many already looking into essential oil making for medicinal benefit. With sophisticated machinery on the market, it was only a matter of time until we were able to get our hands on terpenes only. Known to the streets as “sauce”.

Terpene Culture

Just like anything else there has become a niche market for the lovers of flavours. Some even refer to it as Terpenees, for those that only speak in chemovar. Real bro’s that not only love flavours but understand the therapeutic values. This is the most progressive group in the cannabis culture. They believe that chemovar identification will be the future of cannabis and no one will refer to cannabis strains. Not only is chemovar talk the most accurate way for therapeutic targeting with cannabis, but it is also the most accurate way to identify which effect the cannabis will produce for you. What do you think of this?

Terpenes Beyond Cannabis

Terpenes are not unique to cannabis and are found in numerous plants and herbs. Each plant species has its own terpene profile, contributing to its distinct aroma and flavour. Exploring terpenes in other plants can broaden our understanding of these compounds and their diverse uses.

Exploring Terpene-Rich Strains

For those interested in exploring terpene-rich strains, there are several recommendations. Look for strains known for their pronounced aroma and specific terpene profiles. Experimenting with different strains can help individuals identify their preferred terpene combinations for desired effects. Thankfully our world today is much different than before. Access to all sorts of strains and varieties are available and growers as well as cannabis connoisseurs truly get to explore so much more than before. There are breeders who focus solely on cannabis that can produce complex chemovars and then there are breeders focusing on producing distinct and unique flavours and compounds. The choices are limitless in the 21st century.

Growing Terpene-Rich Cannabis

Growers can influence terpene production by optimizing growing conditions. Factors like temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels can impact terpene development in cannabis plants. Choosing genetics known for terpene-rich profiles and employing proper cultivation techniques can maximize terpene content in harvested buds. Just like towards the end, it can be ruined by not taking the said mentioned into account. These oils can spoil. So it is important to give gratitude for amazing cannabis with off-the-chart terpenes. The preservation of these oils is a skill in itself.

Where to Learn More

To delve deeper into the world of terpenes, explore resources like Seedfinder.eu, which provides detailed information on terpene profiles of various cannabis strains. Learning about terpenes can enhance your cannabis knowledge and appreciation for the plant’s diverse qualities.

Understanding terpenes is key to fully appreciating the complexities of cannabis. These aromatic compounds not only contribute to the smell and taste of different strains but also play a crucial role in shaping their effects on the body and mind. By recognizing and exploring terpenes, cannabis enthusiasts can deepen their enjoyment and understanding of this versatile plant.

What is CBD?

What are Cannabinoids?

What is Full-Spectrum CBD?

How is Full Spectrum CBD Oil made?

What Are The Benefits of Full-Spectrum CBD

What is Broad-Spectrum CBD?

How is it made?

Benefits of Broad-Spectrum CBD

What is CBD Isolate?

How is CBD Isolate Oil made?

Benefits of CBD Isolate

What should you buy?

Leave us a comment below

Understanding Cannabis Seeds

Genetic Diversity

Stronger Root Systems and Higher Yield

Pest and Disease Resistance

Longer Growing Time

Gender Identification

Variable Quality

Exploring Cannabis Clones

Consistent Quality

Faster Growing Time

No Gender Identification Needed

Limited Genetic Diversity

Increased Risk of Pests and Diseases

Making the Right Choice

Conclusion

The concept of the Soil Food Web

The significance of the soil food web cannot be overstated.

The Role of Bacteria and Archaea in Soil Health

Bacteria

Archaea

Promoting beneficial bacterial and archaeal activity

The Critical Functions of Fungi in the Soil Ecosystem

Mycorrhizal fungi

Saprophytic fungi

Encouraging beneficial fungal growth

Protists and Nematodes – The Lesser-Known Soil Dwellers

Protists

Nematodes, or roundworms

The impact of protists and nematodes

Building and Maintaining a Healthy Soil Microbiome

Learnt anything? Comment your thoughts below

Spider mites

What to do:

White fly

What to do:

Caterpillars

What to do:

Powdery mildew

What to do:

Botrytis

What to do:

What is Compost Tea?

The Brewing Process:

Aerated Compost Tea (ACT):

Non-Aerated Compost Tea (NCT):

Enhanced Plant Nutrition and Growth:

Disease and Pest Resistance:

DIY and Cost-Effective:

Organic Compost: The Foundation

Water: The Medium

Air Pump: Oxygen Supplier

4. Fuel/Food

Step-by-Step Guide: Making Your Own Compost Tea

Step 1: Gather Your Materials

Step 2: Add Water

Step 3: Aerate the Mixture

Step 4: Brewing Time

Step 5: Strain and Use

Step 6: Clean Up

My quick 2 cents…

How is HHC produced?

Does HHC get you high? Does it have side effects?

Will HHC show up in a drug test?

Does HHC have medical benefits?

Is HHC legal and will it stay legal?

Where can HHC be found?

In conclusion